YY, CZ, and ZS are currently doing their Ph.D. at Shandong Normal University. Their research subjects are related to 2D nanomaterials such as graphene, Bi2Se3, and MoS2. XL works in Lishan College at Shandong Normal University; her research focus is solar materials. SJ and CC are professors in the College of Physics and Electronics at Shandong Normal University. They are M.S. Supervisor.

Their main interests include nanomaterials, mode-locked lasers, and laser plasma. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful for the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (11474187, 11274204, 61205174, and 61307120), Specialized research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20133704120008), Shandong Excellent Young Scientist Research Award Fund (BS2012CL034 and BS2013CL011), and Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program SIS3 datasheet Navitoclax datasheet (J12LA07). References 1. Li XS, Cai W, An J, Kim S, Nah J, Yang D, Piner R, Velamakanni A, Jung I, Tutuc E, Banerjee SK, Colombo L, Ruoff RS: Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils. Science 2009, 324:1312. 10.1126/science.1171245CrossRef 2. Krishnamoorthy K, Ananth A, Mok YS, Kim SJ: Supercapacitive properties of hydrothermally synthesized sphere like MoS2 nanostructures. Sci Adv Mater 2014,6(2):349.

10.1166/sam.2014.1722CrossRef 3. Nandamuri G, Roumimov S, Solanki R: Chemical vapor deposition AMP deaminase of graphene films. Nanotechnology 2010, 21:145604. 10.1088/0957-4484/21/14/145604CrossRef 4. Sun J, Matthew T, Niclas L, Kenneth B, August Y: Growth mechanism of graphene on platinum. Surface catalysis and carbon segregation. Appl Phys Lett 2012, 100:022102. 10.1063/1.3675632CrossRef 5. Zhang C, Man BY, Yang C, Jiang SZ, Liu M, Chen CS, Xu SC, Sun ZC, Gao XG, Chen

XJ: Facile synthesis of graphene on www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-5676.html dielectric surfaces using a two-temperature reactor CVD system. Nanotechnology 2013, 24:395603. 10.1088/0957-4484/24/39/395603CrossRef 6. Reina A, Jia X, Ho J, Nezich D, Son H, Bulovic V, Dresselhaus MS, Kong J: Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett 2009, 9:30. 10.1021/nl801827vCrossRef 7. Chang H, Wu H: Graphene-based nanomaterials: synthesis, properties, and optical and optoelectronic applications. Adv Funct Mater 2012, 23:1984.CrossRef 8. Lu CC, Jin C, Lin YC, Huang CR, Suenaga K, Chiu PW: Characterization of graphene grown on bulk and thin film nickel. Langmuir 2011, 27:13748. 10.1021/la2022038CrossRef 9. Karimi FAH, Ahmadi MT, Rahmani M, Akbari E, Kiani MJ, Khalid M: Analytical modeling of graphene-based DNA SensorSci. Adv Mater 2012, 4:1142. 10.1166/sam.2012.1405CrossRef 10. Jo G, Choe M, Lee S, Park W, Kahng YH, Lee T: The application of graphene as electrodes in electrical and optical devices. Nanotechnology 2012, 23:112001. 10.1088/0957-4484/23/11/112001CrossRef 11.

71. For higher reliability, 9 dysfunctional questions were excluded from the 30-items questionnaire (Appendix B) and the questionnaire was evaluated considering the remaining 21 items. Accordingly, the “”nutrition knowledge”" scale was concluded as a reliable instrument. In the evaluation of nutrition knowledge,

each correct answer was given 1 point, whereas no point was given to wrong answers. Nutrition knowledge was evaluated using a questionnaire form consisting of 21 questions in terms of taking or not taking nutrition lesson (1st year -the ones who did not take nutrition lesson, 4th year – the ones who took nutrition lesson). The data of the study were evaluated using SPSS 16.0 package program. The nutrition knowledge of students was examined by gender and class variables. For the statistical analyses of the data, tables were prepared to show mean, standard Fedratinib deviation ( ) and percentage (%) values. Nutrition knowledge score was dependent variable in the study, while gender and grade were independent variables. To determine the nutrition Selleckchem AZD8186 knowledge of students, the “”independent t test”" was used for nutrition lesson and gender. A criterion alpha level of < 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance. Results Descriptive Data Participants were composed of males (60.3%) and females (39.7%).

In the general sample, the mean age was 22.19 ± 2.76 years, while the mean age of females was 21.33 ± 2.09 and the mean age of males was 22.76 ± 2.99. The majority U0126 in vivo of the students (68.6%) were determined to live with their families, while others live in student residence (22.1%), with their Barasertib concentration friends (5.5%), alone (2.9%) and in the sport facility they were working (0.9%). Most of the students (64.7%) stated to be interested in active sports, while the rest (35.3%) did not actively make sports. Nearly half of the students actively making sports (55.8%) were interested in team sports, while the other half of them were interested in endurance sports (18.9%), sports requiring immediate strength (15.4%), and combat

sports (9.9%). Nutrition knowledge score The mean nutrition knowledge scores, standard deviation and t-test results of the students are presented in Table 1 according to the variables of taking nutrition lesson and gender. Table 1 Students’ mean nutrition knowledge scores according to the variables Variables n SD df t p Grade             First 180 11.150 2.962 341 6.406 .000* Fourth 163 13.460 3.703       Gender     Female 136 11.985 3.446 341 1.118 .264 Male 207 12.420 3.573       Total 343 12.247 3.525   *p < 0.001 The mean nutrition knowledge score in the general sample was 12.247 ± 3.525. When the mean knowledge scores were examined, it was determined that the fourth year students (13.460 ± 3.703) got higher scores than the first year students (11.150 ± 2.962); in addition, males (12.420 ± 3.

9% NaCl as collecting fluid (exact volume determined for each sample). The samples were frozen at -80 °C and shipped to Zürich on dry ice for further analyses. There, freshly defrosted samples were vortexted for 1 min, sonicated for 5 s, aliquoted and assessed by FISH. Aliquots were also grown at 37 °C anaerobically and in 10% CO2 on LBS agar (Becton Dickinson) with the aim to isolate and type representative strains by partial 16S I-BET151 rDNA sequencing. Demineralization of discs was determined by quantitative

light-induced fluorescence as described [29]. Preparation of multi-well slides for FISH Overnight cultures of lactobacilli (LBS broth) were washed in 0.9% NaCl, diluted in coating buffer [30], Selleck ZD1839 spotted on 18- or 24-well

slides (Cel-Line Associates), air-dried, and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS (20 min, 4 °C). Analogously, in situ grown biofilm samples, supragingival plaque samples and tongue scrapings were vortexed at maximum speed for 60 s, diluted in coating buffer and coated to 18- or 24-well slides as described [30]. To improve cell wall permeability MK0683 ic50 each well selected for FISH of lactobacilli was treated individually at room temperature first for 5 min with 9 μl of lysozyme (1 mg ml-1; Sigma-Aldrich L-7651) and achromopeptidase (1 mg ml-1; Sigma-Aldrich A-7550) Myosin in Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) with 5 mM EDTA, and then for 30 min with 9 μ l of lipase (Sigma-Aldrich L-1754; at 25 mg ml-1 in water the lipase suspension was centrifuged for 5 min at 16’000 × g after which the supernatant was used). Thereafter, to limit unspecific FISH probe binding all wells were covered for 30 min at 37 °C with 9 μ l of PBS containing Denhardt’s solution (Fluka 30915; diluted 1:50) in the presence of protectRNA RNase inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich R-7397; diluted 1:500) [15, 16, 26, 27]. At the end of the respective incubation periods the solutions were carefully aspirated and the slides briefly washed

in wash-buffer (0.9% NaCl, 0.05% Tween 20, 0.01% NaN3), dipped in water, and air-dried. All solutions were made with water of nano-pure quality. Fluorescent in situ hybridization The 16S rRNA targeted oligonucleotide probes used in this study are listed in Table 1. Custom-synthesized by Microsynth, they were labeled at 5′-end with Cy3 or 6-FAM, or in some cases at both ends with 6-FAM. Probes marked by “”L-”" in front of the probe name, contain one or two LNA to improve in situ hybridization efficiency [16]. Probes were designed as described previously [30] using the ARB software [31] with the SILVA rRNA database [32, 33] and additional rRNA sequence information from ‘The Ribosomal Data Base Project II’ [34, 35] and the ‘National Center for Biotechnology Information’ [36].

tuberculosis H37Rv

and VPCI591. (A)- Diagrammatic representation [not to scale] of the mce1 operon. Arrows indicate the position of primers. The hatched box depicts IGPr region. (B)- Fold difference in transcript level in VPCI591 over that of M.tuberculosis H37Rv for Rv0167, Rv0170 and Rv0174 in log phase (dotted) and stationary phase (hatched). The fold difference observed is the average of three independent experiments. Error bars represent the standard deviation. Effect of the regulatory sequence of IGPr on heterologous promoter To examine if the negative regulatory site, -100 to +1 region of IGPr functions independent of the associated promoter activity, we cloned it downstream of a heterologous promoter in pSdps1, driving the expression of β-galactosidase [23]. pSdps1 has 1 kb upstream region Entinostat molecular weight of the gene MSMEG_6467 BAY 80-6946 from M.smegmatis. The promoter in pSdps1 is inducible under glucose starvation; at 0.02% glucose in Middlebrook 7H9 liquid medium in stationary phase [23]. By inclusion of +1 to -100 from IGPr of H37Rv (pDPrBRv) the promoter activity decreased by 35% relative to the control plasmid pSdps1 (895 GF120918 versus 1358 units, Figure 7). When +1 to -100 from VPCI591 was cloned downstream to dps promoter (pDPrB591), the repression was reversed and the promoter

activity was enhanced by 25% over that of pSdps1 (1709 versus 1358 units). This shows that negative regulation by IGPr functions in the context of a heterologous promoter also. Figure 7 Regulation of heterologous promoter by IGPr. dps promoter activity under induced conditions in different constructs in terms of β-gal activity units expressed as nmol ONPG converted to o-nitrophenol per min per milligram of protein. The transformants were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium supplemented with 0.02% glucose (Induced). Each experiment was carried out in triplicates and S.D is indicated

as error bars. Discussion The mce1 operon is different from other three mce operons in having Rv0166, a fatty acyl CoA synthetase that catalyzes the initial step in lipid degradation [4, 24]. On the other hand, mce4 operon is known to be a part of the regulon involved in cholesterol metabolism, however it seems to be just one of the many possible lipid Casein kinase 1 substrates. Furthermore, it is speculated that mce1 operon may not have a role in cholesterol import as the loss of Mce1 transporter system does not appear to affect the residual uptake of cholesterol in mce4- deficient strain [25]. The presence of 200 base pairs of non-coding sequence between Rv0166 and Rv0167 is yet another feature peculiar to mce1 operon among the other four operons present in M.tuberculosis. In most other operons and also the other genes within mce1 operon, the intergenic distance is not more than one or two codons and often the translation initiation site of one gene is within the coding sequence of the adjacent gene [12].

, Arizona, USA), in contact mode. C-V characteristics Prior to the measurements, a top electrode is deposited with either chromium (Cr) or indium tin oxide (ITO; area 3.14 mm2, thickness 50 to 100 nm) by RF magnetron sputtering. AZD2281 research buy A thin layer (15 to 30 nm) of ITO is used for the

bottom electrode. The capacitance versus voltage (C-V) characteristics are measured with a HP4192 ALF impedance analyzer (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The capacitance is measured for a small alternating current (AC) voltage which is superposed on a direct current (DC) voltage offset. P-E hysteresis measurements A Sawyer-Tower circuit is used to measure the hysteresis loop in the polarization-electric field (P-E) diagram of the BTO films. The measurements are carried out at frequencies in the range of 100 Hz to 1 kHz with a sinusoidal AC voltage with an amplitude of 10 V peak-to-peak. Results and discussion X-ray diffraction analysis Figure 1 shows different X-ray diffractograms CHIR-99021 solubility dmso of BaTiO3 thin films deposited on bare silicon substrates and subjected to an annealing treatment at 600°C or 700°C. The thicknesses of the BTO films are determined as 150 ± 3 nm from spectroscopic (wavelength range approximately 300 to 1,500 nm) ellipsometry measurements. To analyze the films, we have used a multilayer system, where the buffer layer and

BTO film (extraordinary and ordinary optical constants) are modeled with corresponding cauchy parameters. It is evident from Figure 1 that a minimum thickness of

the buffer layer is necessary to prevent silicate formation at the Si-BTO AZD8931 interface and to promote crystal growth with a desired orientation. Figure 1 XRD patterns obtained for the BTO thin films. (a) BTO annealed at 700°C, with buffer layers of different thickness. (b) BTO annealed at different temperatures, Gemcitabine clinical trial with a 8.9-nm buffer layer. (c) BTO annealed at 700°C, with a 8.9-nm buffer layer, heat treated at 450°C and 600°C. Figure 1a represents a comparison between the BTO thin films deposited on silicon (annealed at 700°C) with different thicknesses of the intermediate buffer layer. When the buffer layer thickness is 4.4 nm, the secondary fresnoite phases (Ba2TiSi2O8) are dominant and only few diffraction peaks correspond to crystalline BTO. However, it is found from our experiments that a slightly thicker buffer layer of 7 nm is sufficient to yield well-defined diffraction peaks corresponding to stoichiometric BTO (BaTiO3), with a mixed <100> and <111> orientation. Even though a clear peak split is not observed at 45°, the broadened diffraction peak shows the possibility of a <002> BTO orientation. Any further increase in the buffer layer thickness leads to a stronger diffraction intensity along the <100> orientation.

Science 2000, 299: 1753–1755.CrossRef 21. Hassan Stattic supplier AB, Howell JA: Insulin-like growth factor 2 supply modifies growth of intestinal adenoma in Apc(Min/+) mice. Cancer Res 2000, 60: 1070–1076.PubMed 22. Cui H, Horon IL, Ohlsson R, Hamilton SR, Feinberg AP: Loss of imprinting in normal tissue of colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite

instability. Nat Med 1998, 4: 1276–1280.CrossRefPubMed 23. Lee MP, DeBaun MR, Mitsuya K, Galonek HL, Brandenburg S, Oshimura M, Feinberg AP: Loss of imprinting of a paternally expressed transcript, with antisense orientation to KVLQT1, occurs frequently in Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and is independent of insulin-like growth factor 2 imprinting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96: 5203–5208.CrossRefPubMed 24. Mitsuya K, Meguro M, Lee MP, Katoh M, Schulz TC, Kugoh H, Yoshida MA, Niikawa N, Feinberg AP, Oshimura M: LIT1, an imprinted antisense RNA in the human KvLQT1 locus identified by screening for differentially expressed transcripts using monochromosomal hybrids. Hum Mol Genet 1999, 8: 1209–1217.CrossRefPubMed 25. Tanaka K, Shiota G, Meguro M, Mitsuya K, Oshimura M, Kawasaki H: Loss of imprinting of long QT intronic Vactosertib cost transcript 1 in colorectal cancer. Oncology

2001, 60: 268–273.CrossRefPubMed 26. Nakano S, Hormones antagonist Murakami K, Meguro M, Soejima H, Higashimoto K, Urano T, Kugoh H, Mukai T, Ikeguchi M, Oshimura M: Expression profile of LIT1/KCNQ1OT1 and epigenetic status at the KvDMR1 in colorectal cancers. Cancer Sci 2006, 97: 1147–1154.CrossRefPubMed 27. Soejima H, Nakagawachi T, Zhao W, Higashimoto K, Urano T, Matsukura S, Kitajima Y, Takeuchi M, Nakayama M, Oshimura M, Miyazaki K, Joh K, Mukai T: Silencing of imprinted CDKN1C gene expression is associated with loss of CpG and histone H3 lysine 9 methylation at DMR-LIT1 in esophageal cancer. Oncogene 2004, 23: 4380–4388.CrossRefPubMed 28. Wu MS, Wang HP, Lin CC, Sheu JC, Shun CT, Lee WJ, Lin JT: Loss of imprinting and overexpression

of IGF2 gene in gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 1997, 120: 9–14.CrossRefPubMed 29. Cruz-Correa M, Cui H, Giardiello FM, Powe NR, Hylind L, Robinson A, Hutcheon DF, Kafonek DR, Brandenburg S, Wu Y, He X, Feinberg AP: Loss of imprinting http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/CAL-101.html of insulin growth factor 2 gene: a potential heritable biomarker for colon neoplasia predisposition. Gastroenterology 2004, 126: 964–970.CrossRefPubMed 30. Sakatani T, Wei M, Katoh M, Okita C, Wada D, Mitsuya K, Meguro M, Ikeguchi M, Ito H, Tycko B, Oshimura M: Epigenetic heterogeneity at imprinted loci in normal populations. Biochem Biophys. Res Commun 2001, 283: 1124–1130. 31. Ulaner GA, Yang Y, Hu JF, Li T, Vu TH, Hoffman AR: CTCF binding at the insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF2)/H19 imprinting control region is insufficient to regulate IGF2/H19 expression in human tissues. Endocrinology 2003, 144: 4420–4426.CrossRefPubMed 32.

Under the illumination of 1.25 mW/cm2 of UV light (λ = 365 nm), this solid-liquid heterojunction-based TSA HDAC UV detector shows an excellent photovoltaic performance, yielding a short-circuit current (I sc) of 0.8 μA and an open-circuit voltage (V oc) of 0.5 V. This inherent built-in potential arises from the SB-like ZnO-water interface,

acts as a driving force to separate the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and produces the photocurrent. Therefore, this device can operate at photovoltaic mode without any external bias. Figure  4b shows the spectral photoresponsivity of the ZnO nanoneedle array/water heterojunction-based UV detector at 0-V bias. The incident light wavelength ranges from 350 to 550 nm. A strong peak appears at 385 nm, corresponding to the bandgap of wurtzite ZnO. The maximum responsivity located at around 385 nm is about 0.022 A/W cm2, which is suitable for UV-A range (320 to 400 nm) application. Note that the

full width at half maximum of the photoresponse is about 18.5 nm (0.15 eV) as shown in Figure  4b, which demonstrates excellent spectral wavelength selectivity in the UV-A range. The photoresponsivity decreases rapidly to nearly zero as the wavelength is longer than 450 nm because of the low absorption for photons with energies smaller than the bandgap. The responsivity also drops fast on the short-wavelength side because PXD101 cost of the strong electron-hole recombination effect. As illustrated in

Figure  2c, the ZnO nanoneedle array has a dense, compact layer at the base (closest to FTO). The absorption coefficient of ZnO at a wavelength shorter than 375 nm is very high. When illuminated through the FTO glass, the majority of photons will be absorbed by this ZnO layer close to the FTO. Tenofovir solubility dmso This absorption occurs well away from the junction. Due to the high electron-hole recombination rate in this layer, only carriers excited near the junction region contribute to the photocurrent in the photodetector. Therefore, UV light below 375 nm only creates a poor photocurrent response. The photocurrent under different incident light intensities was also measured. The measurement of this self-powered UV detector was carried out at 0-V bias and under 365-nm UV light irradiation. As shown in Figure  4c, under weak UV light intensity, the photocurrents are almost linearly increased with an increasing incident UV light intensity. A gradual saturation of the photocurrent was observed under higher UV irradiances. One possible reason for this saturation is the poor hole APO866 molecular weight transport ability of water. Figure 4 Photoresponsivity of the ZnO nanoneedle array/water UV detector. (a) Typical I-V characteristics of the ZnO nanoneedle array/water UV photodetector in darkness and under the illumination of 1.25 mW/cm2 of UV light (λ = 365 nm). (b) Spectral responsivity characteristic of the UV detector under 0-V bias.

The versatility of fungal pathogenicity mechanisms and their development of resistance to antifungal drugs indicate the importance of understanding the nature of host-pathogen interactions. Researchers have developed invertebrate model hosts in order to facilitate the study of evolutionarily preserved elements of fungal virulence and host immunity [10]. These invertebrate systems such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, Dictyostelium discoideum and Galleria mellonella offer a number of advantages over mammalian vertebrate models, predominantly

because they allow the study of strains without the ethical considerations associated with mammalian NVP-BSK805 order studies [11–13]. Importantly, Candida pathogenicity can be evaluated using the greater wax moth G. mellonella as an infection model. This model has yielded results that are comparable to those obtained using mammalian models and there is remarkable commonality between virulence factors required for disease in mice and for killing of G. mellonella [14–17]. The pathogenesis of Candida spp. depends upon the coordinated expression Selleckchem Erismodegib of multiple genes in a manner that facilitates proliferation, invasion and tissue

damage in a host. Since each invaded tissue is a unique ecological niche that changes over the course of the disease process, the expression of genes by Candida can vary according the CP-690550 datasheet infected site [18]. Costa et al. [19] demonstrated that blood Candida isolates were more proteolytic than oral cavity isolates while oral cavity isolates produced more phospholipase than blood isolates. On the other hand, Hasan et al. [20] using colorimetric assays verified that C. albicans strains isolated both from blood and oral mucosa produced the same quantity of biofilm. However, there are no studies to interrogate biofilm production on medical biomaterials

and pathogenicity of isolates from localized Reverse transcriptase and systemic candidiasis using an invertebrate model. The objective of this study was to compare biofilm production of oral and systemic Candida isolates using an in vitro biofilm model on silicone (a material that is used in a number of implantable devices and catheters) and acrylic resin (a material that is used in preparation of dental prostheses). We were also interested in determining the pathogenicity of the strains in the Galleria mellonella infection model, considering they were isolated from different host environments, either blood or oral collection sites. Methods Candida isolates A total of 33 clinical Candida strains recovered from oral and systemic candidiasis of different patients were used in this study. The oral Candida strains were isolated from the saliva or oropharyngeal candidiasis of 17 HIV-positive patients (65% men, 35% women) at the Emílio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases (São Paulo, SP, Brazil).

More recently, it has been found in animal models that caffeine may directly affect the muscle via enhanced Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum [47] or via enhanced motor unit recruitment by inhibiting adenosine actions on the central nervous system [48]. In a previous study with humans, we found that 6 mg/kg of caffeine improved knee extensor

muscle strength and cycling power production due to a higher voluntary contraction (central effects) with no effects on electrically evoked contractions (no effects on muscle contractile properties). Although we did not assess the source of the benefits found with caffeine-containing energy drinks in the present investigation, we did find the tendency for a lower time to maximal power output (Figure 3). A lower time to SIS3 concentration maximal power suggests a better intra- and inter-muscular coordination during the muscle contraction, likely mediated by improved motor unit recruitment [49]. Figure 3 Time to maximal power output during half-squat and bench-press concentric actions one hour after the ingestion of 1 and 3 mg/kg of caffeine using a caffeinated energy drink or the same drink without caffeine (0 mg/kg). Data are mean ± SD for 12 participants. * 3 mg/kg different from 0 mg/kg (P < 0.05). † 3 mg/kg different from 1 mg/kg (P < 0.05). In a recent study with

176 participants, Badillo and Medina [50] found a very good association (R2 = 0.98) between load and propulsive velocity during the concentric phase of the bench press MG-132 supplier see more exercise. The mean velocity attained with 100% 1RM was 0.2 m/s

and it increased progressively to 1.4 m/s when the load was reduced to 30% 1RM. According to these data, the authors conclude that measurement of propulsive velocity can be used for training or testing as a good predictor of the relative load (% 1RM) using a regression equation [50]. In the present study, we found a similar correlation between load and propulsive velocity in both half-squat and bench-press exercises (Table 2). In addition, with the ingestion of the placebo drink, the velocities attained during the propulsive phase of the bench press at 100% and 30% 1RM were similar to the ones found by Badillo and Medina (0.4 ± 0.1 and 1.5 ± 0.1 m/s, respectively). On the other hand, the ingestion Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 of the energy drink with 3 mg/kg of caffeine raised bench press velocity to 0.6 ± 0.1 m/s at 100% 1RM and to 1.6 ± 0.1 m/s at 30% 1RM (Figure 2), moving the association between load and velocity upwards. Thus, when using the propulsive velocity to predict the relative load that represents a given resistance, the ingestion of caffeine or caffeine-containing energy drinks might represent a source of error. Previous studies have found that caffeine or coffee ingestion may increase resting energy expenditure by 3-7% [51, 52]. However, in the present investigation with energy drinks, we did not find a thermogenic effect after the ingestion of 1 or 3 mg/kg of caffeine (Table 1).

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Andersen AB, Kremer K, Miorner H: Usefulness of spoligotyping to discriminate IS 6110 low-copy-number Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains cultured in Denmark. J Clin Microbiol 1999, 37:2602–2606.PubMed 40. Gutierrez MC, Vincent V, Aubert D, Bizet J, Gaillot O, Lebrun L, Le Pendeven C, Le Pennec MP, Mathieu D, Offredo C, Pangon B, Pierre-Audigier C: Molecular fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and risk factors for tuberculosis transmission in Paris, France, and surrounding area. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:486–492.PubMed 41. Yang Z, Barnes PF, Chaves F, Eisenach KD, Weis SE, Bates Rolziracetam JH, Cave MD: Diversity of DNA fingerprints of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 1998, 36:1003–1007.PubMed 42. Quitugua TN, Seaworth BJ, Weis SE, Taylor JP, Gillette JS, Rosas II, Jost Jr, KC Jr, Magee DM, Cox RA: Transmission of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Texas and Mexico. J Clin Microbiol 2002, 40:2716–2724.PubMedCrossRef 43. Borsuk S, Dellagostin MM, Madeira S de G, Lima C, Boffo M, Mattos I, Almeida da Silva PE, Dellagostin OA: Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in a region of Brazil with a high incidence of tuberculosis. Microbes Infect 2005, 7:1338–1344.PubMedCrossRef 44.