Fluorescence-activated Akt inhibitor cell sorter (FACS) analysis was applieded to determine the effects of resveratrol on cell apoptosis. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of PKC alpha and ERK1/2. In inhibition experiments, HT-29

cells were treated with Go6976 or PD98059 for 30 min, followed by exposure to 200 mu M resveratrol for 72 h. Results: Resveratrol had a significant inhibitory effect on HT-29 cell growth. FACS revealed that resveratrol induced apoptosis. Western blotting showed that e phosphorylation of PKC alpha and ERK1/2 was significantly increased in response to resveratrol treatment. Pre-treatment with PKC alpha and ERK1/2 inhibitors (Go6976 and PD98059) promoted apoptosis. Conclusion: Resveratrol has significant anti-proliferative effects on the colon cancer cell line HT-29. The PKC-ERK1/2 signaling pathway can partially mediate resveratrol-induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells.”
“Background: Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have decreased strength, low bone mass, and an increased propensity to fracture. High-frequency, low-magnitude vibration might provide a noninvasive, nonpharmacologic, home-based treatment for these musculoskeletal deficits. The purpose of this study was to

examine the effects of this intervention on bone and muscle in children with CP.\n\nMethods: INK1197 Thirty-one children with CP ages 6 to 12 years (mean 9.4, SD 1.4) stood on a vibrating platform (30Hz, 0.3 g peak acceleration) at home for 10 min/d for 6 months and on the floor without the platform for another 6 months. The order of vibration and standing was randomized, and outcomes Buparlisib in vivo were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months. The outcome measures included computed tomography measurements of vertebral cancellous bone density (CBD) and cross-sectional area, CBD of the proximal tibia, geometric properties of the tibial diaphysis, and dynamometer measurements of plantarflexor

strength. They were assessed using mixed model linear regression and Pearson correlation.\n\nResults: The main difference between vibration and standing was that there was a greater increase in the cortical bone properties (cortical bone area and moments of inertia) during the vibration period (all P’s <= 0.03). There was no difference in cancellous bone or muscle between vibration and standing (all P’s > 0.10) and no correlation between compliance and outcome (all r’s < 0.27; all P’s > 0.15). The results did not depend on the order of treatment (P > 0.43) and were similar for children in gross motor function classification system (GMFCS) 1 to 2 and GMFCS 3 to 4.\n\nConclusions: The primary benefit of the vibration intervention in children with CP was to the cortical bone in the appendicular skeleton. Increased cortical bone area and the structural strength) properties could translate into a decreased risk of long bone fractures in some patients.

001). Air-bone gap was improved to smaller than = 10 dB in 38 (88.37%) patients during the postoperative period. Conclusions: Boomerang-shaped chondroperichondrial grafting technique seems

to be a successful click here alternative in the management of pediatric chronic otitis media cases. It has relatively higher grade graft success rate. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Suicide gene therapy with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and ganciclovir (GCV) is notable for producing multi-log cytotoxicity in a unique pattern of delayed cytotoxicity in S-phase. As hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor that activates mismatch repair, can increase sensitivity to GCV, we evaluated the role of MLH1, an essential mismatch repair protein, in GCV cytotoxicity. Using HCT116TK (HSV-TK-expressing) colon carcinoma cells that express or lack MLH1, cell-survival studies demonstrated greater GCV sensitivity in the MLH1-deficient cells, primarily at high concentrations. This could not be explained by differences in GCV metabolism, as the less sensitive MLH1-expresssing cells accumulated more GCV triphosphate and incorporated more of the analog into DNA. SiRNA suppression of MLH1 in U251 glioblastoma or SW480 colon carcinoma cells also enhanced sensitivity to high concentrations of GCV. Studies in a pa nel of yeast deletion mutants confirmed the results with MLH1, and further suggested

selleck kinase inhibitor a role for homologous recombination repair and several cell-cycle checkpoint proteins in GCV cytotoxicity. These data suggest that MLH1 can prevent cytotoxicity with GCV. Targeting mismatch repair-deficient tumors may increase efficacy

of this suicide gene therapy approach to cancer treatment. Cancer Gene Therapy (2009) 16, 683-692; doi:10.1038/cgt.2009.16; published online 20 March 2009″
“Objective-To determine whether procarboxypeptidase B (pCPB)(-/-) mice are susceptible to accelerated abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) development secondary to unregulated OPN-mediated mural inflammation in the absence of CPB inhibition.\n\nMethods and Results-Thrombin/thrombomodulin cleaves thrombin-activatable C59 pCPB or thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, activating CPB, which inhibits the generation of plasmin and inactivates proinflammatory mediators (complement C5a and thrombin-cleaved osteopontin [OPN]). Apolipoprotein E(-/-) OPN(-/-) mice are protected from experimental AAA formation. Murine AAAs were created via intra-aortic porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) infusion. Increased mortality secondary to AAA rupture was observed in pCPB(-/-) mice at the standard PPE dose. At reduced doses of PPE, pCPB(-/-) mice developed larger AAAs than wild-type controls (1.01 +/- 0.27 versus 0.68 +/- 0.05 mm; P = 0.02 [mean +/- SD]). C5(-/-) and OPN(-/-) mice were not protected against AAA development. Treatment with tranexamic acid inhibited plasmin generation and abrogated enhanced AAA progression in pCPB(-/-) mice.

The dominant microorganisms were Aeromonas

and Bacillus species under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In all, 39 DNA fragments were identified by polymerase chain Navitoclax in vitro reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis. Aeromonas sp. was the dominant microorganism in feeds, intestinal tracts, and casts of earthworms. The DGGE band intensity of Aeromonas from feeds, intestinal tracts, and casts of earthworms was 12.8%, 14.7%, and 15.1%, respectively. The other strains identified were Bacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter, Photobacterium, Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Streptomyces, uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium, and uncultured bacterium. These results suggest that PCR-DGGE analysis was more efficient than the culture-dependent approach for the investigation of bacterial diversity and the identification of unculturable microorganisms.”
“Objectives: The aim of this study was to develop a new diagnostic index (DI) on the basis of clinical and laboratory findings including serum C-reactive protein (CRP) for tuberculous meningitis

(TM) and bacterial meningitis (BM). Subjects and Methods: During a 7-year period, 96 adult patients with meningitis (30 with TM and 66 with BM) were studied retrospectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the diagnostic value of clinical and laboratory parameters as independent predictors on discrimination of tuberculous selleck chemicals llc from BM patients. Results: LY2606368 Six features predictive for diagnosis including age, CSF leukocyte count, PML dominance, length of illness, serum CRP level and blood WBC count were used. The DI model developed from these features had very high sensitivity and specificity rates of 100.0 and 95.4%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity rates were 97.4 and 100%, respectively, in microbiologically proven cases. Conclusion: Our results

suggested that this new DI which consists of simple clinical and laboratory parameters had the power to discriminate adult patients with documented tuberculous and BM (excluding Brucella meningitis). It should, however, be tested in prospective studies. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the value of 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography ([F-18]FDG PET/CT) in the primary staging of high-risk endometrial cancer patients.\n\nMethods This retrospective study was conducted on 32 consecutive patients with histological diagnosis of primary high-risk endometrial cancer, who underwent PET/CT with [F-18]FDG in addition to conventional clinical and instrumental staging procedures. After surgery, [F-18]FDG PET/CT findings were correlated with pathological findings on a patient-by-patient basis. The diagnostic accuracy of [F-18]FDG PET/CT for primary cancer detection, lymph nodal involvement and distant metastases was assessed.

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASO) were infused into each structure to knock down the expression of the immediate-early gene zif268, which is known to be required for memory reconsolidation. Control infusions used missense oligodeoxynucleotides selleck inhibitor (MSO). The effects of zif268 knockdown were measured in two complementary paradigms widely

used to assess the impact of drug-paired CSs upon drug seeking: the acquisition of a new instrumental response with conditioned reinforcement and conditioned place preference. The results show that both intranucleus accumbens core and intrabasolateral amygdala zif268 ASO infusions at memory reactivation impaired the reconsolidation of the memory underlying a cocaine-conditioned place preference. However, knockdown of zif268 in the nucleus accumbens at memory reactivation had no effect on the memory underlying the conditioned reinforcing properties of the cocaine-paired CS measured subsequently, and this is in contrast to the marked impairment observed previously following intrabasolateral amygdala zif268 ASO infusions. These results suggest that both the basolateral

amygdala and nucleus accumbens core are key structures within limbic cortical-striatal circuitry where reconsolidation of a cue-drug memory occurs. However reconsolidation of memory representations Autophagy Compound Library high throughput formed during Pavlovian conditioning are differentially localized in each site.”
“The fossil record Ganetespib of early feathers has relied on carbonized compressions that lack fine structural detail. Specimens in amber are preserved in greater detail, but they are rare. Late Cretaceous coal-rich strata from western Canada provide the richest and most diverse Mesozoic feather assemblage yet reported from amber. The fossils include primitive structures closely matching the protofeathers of nonavian dinosaurs, offering new insights into their structure and function. Additional derived morphologies confirm that plumage specialized for flight and underwater diving

had evolved in Late Cretaceous birds. Because amber preserves feather structure and pigmentation in unmatched detail, these fossils provide novel insights regarding feather evolution.”
“Background Dicycloplatin is a relatively safe third generation platinum-complex anti-cancer drug. The present study focused on the effects of dicycloplatin on in vitro proliferation and apoptosis of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC).\n\nMethods Proliferation of HASMC and HAEC, DNA content, and cellular levels of proliferation- and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) (MTS) assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting assays, respectively.

\n\nResults: In this study, four epitopes from OmpL1 and four from LipL41 conserved regions were evaluated for their potential utilization in leptospire vaccines. Firstly,

combined B and T cell epitopes were predicted by softwares and expressed using a phage display system. OmpL1 residues 87-98 and 173-191 (OmpL1(87-98) and OmpL1(173-191)) and LipL41(30-48), LipL41(233-256) of LipL41 were identified as immunodominant B cell epitopes by Western blot. Epitopes OmpL1(173-191), OmpL1(297-320) of OmpL1 and LipL41(233-256), LipL41(263-282) of LipL41 were identified as immunodominant CD4(+) T cell epitopes through proliferation analysis of splenocytes from recombinant OmpL1 (rOmpL1) or recombinant LipL41 (rLipL41)-immunized BALB/c (H-2(d)) mice. These epitopes induced responses of CD4(+) T cells and Th1 (T helper cells) PRIMA-1MET mw type cytokine responses during the infection.\n\nConclusion: This work identified combined T and B cell immunodominant epitopes in outer membrane proteins OmpL1 and LipL41 of Leptospira interrogans. OmpL1(173-191) of OmpL1 and LipL41(233-256) of LipL41 could be useful in a vaccine against Leptospira. The findings could also contribute to the development of effective cross-protective vaccine strategies for leptospirosis.”
“The response of free nitrous acid (FNA)-adapted

poly-phosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) to FNA inhibition under aerobic and anoxic conditions was studied. Selleck EPZ6438 Anoxic P-uptake was 1-6 times more sensitive to the inhibition compared to aerobic P-uptake. The aerobic nitrite reduction rate increased with FNA concentration, accompanied by an equivalent decrease in the oxygen uptake BI 2536 nmr rate, suggesting under high FNA concentration conditions, electrons were channeled to nitrite reduction from oxygen reduction. In contrast, the nitrite reduction

rate decreased with increased FNA concentration under anoxic conditions. Anaerobic metabolism of PAO under both anoxic and aerobic conditions was observed at high FNA concentrations. Growth of PAOs decreased sharply with FNA concentration and stopped completely at FNA concentration of 10 mu g HNO2-N/L. This study, for the first time, investigated the function of nitrite/FNA in an aerobic denitrifying phosphate removal process by evaluating electron as well as energy balances, and provides explanation for FNA inhibition mechanisms. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Patients with chronic liver disease have an increased risk of developing transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) from plasma-containing blood products. Similarly, red blood cell transfusions have been associated with postoperative and nosocomial infections in surgical and critical care populations.

Measurements: Reference standard for diagnosing vulnerability

was the presence of at least one abnormal test among the Activities of Daily Living (ADLs), Instrumental ADL, Mini-Mental State Examination, Mini Nutritional Assessment, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale-Geriatrics, Timed Get-Up-and-Go, and Mini-Geriatric Depression Scale. Sensitivity, specificity and likelihood ratios of G-8 scores Selleck Linsitinib 5 14 were compared according to tumour site and patient characteristics.\n\nResults: Median age was 80; 48.2% had metastases. Prevalence of vulnerability and abnormal G-8 score was 84.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 81-87.3) and 79.5% (95% CI, 76-83).”
“In recent years there has been increasing concern regarding the influx of pharmaceuticals into aquatic environments One group of pharmaceuticals that has been identified as being of

particular concern are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) This study examined the effects of one of the most commonly reported NSAID contaminants diclofenac on the physiology of Carcinus maenas\n\nTwo environmentally check details realistic concentrations were examined in this study (10 ng/l and 100 ng/l) at two salinities (35 and 17 5 psu) Female and male crabs were exposed to these two concentrations for 7 days Following exposure haemolymph samples were taken from the animals Measurements were taken for oxyhaemocyanin and lactate concentrations The effects of this compound on osmoregulatory capacity (OC) in C maenas were also measured Exposure to diclofenac had no significant effect on haemolymph lactate and oxyhaemocyanin concentrations STA-9090 Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor suggesting that exposure to this compound does not elicit a stress response in

this species However exposure to this pharmaceutical did have significant effects on both the OC and the haemolymph osmolality in C maenas At both salinities the data suggests that the osmoregulatory ability of C maenas is impaired when exposed to diclofenac (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved”
“The basket of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is generally depicted as a discrete structure of eight protein filaments that protrude into the nucleoplasm and converge in a ring distal to the NPC. We show that the yeast proteins Mlp1p and Mlp2p are necessary components of the nuclear basket and that they also embed the NPC within a dynamic protein network, whose extended interactome includes the spindle organizer, silencing factors, the proteasome, and key components of messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs). Ultrastructural observations indicate that the basket reduces chromatin crowding around the central transporter of the NPC and might function as a docking site for mRNP during nuclear export. In addition, we show that the Mlps contribute to NPC positioning, nuclear stability, and nuclear envelope morphology.

There were three patients of pulmonary Langerhans cell

histiocytosis and one patient of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. A definite and probable clinicopathological consensus diagnosis was possible in 70% and 28% of patients, respectively. In only 2% of patients’ diagnosis could not be established. Conclusions Cryo-TBB is a safe and effective minimally invasive modality for the diagnosis of ILD. No OLB is needed in the majority of patients.”
“To present and define diagnostic criteria for primary cutaneous carcinosarcomas (CSs). Neoplasms of 6 patients with primary cutaneous CSs were retrospectively analyzed. Smoothened Agonist concentration A panel of histopathologic parameters and immunophenotypic expression of distinct markers of differentiation were investigated. All cases had medium-to-poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma representing the epithelial component intermingled with a variable amount of malignant sarcomatous tissue proliferation. The authors identified 3 distinct morphological criteria for the diagnosis of primary

cutaneous CSs with features of (1) a clearly defined dual neoplasm with explicit morphological Selleck TPX-0005 characterization using histology and immunohistochemistry with distinct marker panels while, (2) metastases from distant sites and true collision neoplasms must be excluded, and (3) recognition of the neoplasm as a solid coherent proliferation with careful exclusion of sarcomatous stromal changes in the surrounding neoplasm stroma has to be assured. The low incidence of this entity and a plethora of different synonymous terms in the dermatopathologic literature often

cause diagnostic problems and hamper the accurate comparative analysis of cases published previously. Herein, the authors propose defining criteria and a clearly defined morphological approach to contribute to more accurate dermatopathologic signaling pathway diagnoses and provide an unprecedented summary on this neoplastic entity.”
“The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness and cost of home electrical stimulation and standardized biofeedback training in females with fecal incontinence Thirty-six females suffering from fecal incontinence were randomized into two groups, matched for mean age (67.45 +/- 7.2 years), mean body mass index (kg/m(2)) (26.2 +/- 3.9), mean disease duration (4.1 +/- 0.8 years), mean number of births (2.7 +/- 1.3), and reports of obstetric trauma (25 %). Questionnaires were used to evaluate their demographics, medical, and childbearing history. Subjects were randomized to home electrical stimulation or standardized biofeedback training for a period of 6 weeks. Subjective outcome measures included the frequency of fecal, urine, and gas incontinence by visual analog scale, Vaizey incontinence score, and subjects’ levels of fecal incontinence related anxiety. Objective outcome measures included pelvic floor muscle strength assessed by surface electromyography.

Recent methodological advances provide a rigorous framework to determine the relative contribution of different biogeographic processes (e.g., vicariance,

land migration, long-distance dispersal) to the origin of island endemics. With its complex but well-known history of microplate movements and climatic oscillations, the Mediterranean region (including the Mediterranean basin and Macaronesia) provides the geographic backdrop selleck inhibitor for the diversification of Ruta L., the type genus of Rutaceae (citrus family). Phylogenetic, molecular dating, and ancestral range reconstruction analyses were carried out to investigate the extent to which past geological connections and climatic history of the Mediterranean region explain the current distribution of species in Ruta, with emphasis on its island endemics. The analyses showed that Ruta invaded the region from the north well before the onset of the Mediterranean climate and diversified in situ as the climate became Mediterranean. The continental fragment island endemics of the genus originated via processes of land migration/vicariance driven by connections/disconnections between microplates, whereas

the oceanic island endemics were the product of a single colonization event from the mainland followed by in situ diversification. This study emphasizes the need for an integrative, hypothesis-based approach to historical biogeography and stresses the importance of temporary land connections and colonization Selleck GDC 973 opportunity in the biotic assembly of continental fragment and

oceanic islands, respectively.”
“We show that Dirac points can emerge in photonic crystals possessing selleck kinase inhibitor mirror symmetry when band gap closes. The mechanism of generating Dirac points is discussed in a two-dimensional photonic square lattice, in which four Dirac points split out naturally after the touching of two bands with different parity. The emergence of such nodal points, characterized by vortex structure in momentum space, is attributed to the unavoidable band crossing protected by mirror symmetry. The Dirac nodes can be unbuckled through breaking the mirror symmetry and a photonic analog of Chern insulator can be achieved through time reversal symmetry breaking. Breaking time reversal symmetry can lead to unidirectional helical edge states and breaking mirror symmetry can reduce the band gap to amplify the finite size effect, providing ways to engineer helical edge states.”
“We discover Mn-VI-nanoparticles (NPs) bearing functional groups, high oxidation state, strong electron affinity, unique redox and paramagnetic nature, which opens up a new avenue to catalysis, magnetism and material application. However, its synthesis is challenging and remains unexplored because of associated serious difficulties. A simple benign synthetic strategy is devised to fabricate the high-valent NPs using mild reducing agent bromide, which transformed Mn-VII to valuable Mn-VI-species.

0% and 351 IU/mL in 1 mL-syringe; from 4.9% and 245 IU/mL in 26G to 7.6% and 380 IU/mL in 20 G with combined 1 mL syringe; from 2.0% and 100 IU/mL in full-filled sample to 34% and 1675 IU/mL in 0.5 mL suctioned sample into 10 mL-syringe. There was no statistical difference in pH; but the percent decreasing in pCO(2), K+, iCa(2+), iMg(2+); the percent increasing in pO(2) and Na+ were statistical significance compared to samples selleck screening library full-filled in syringes. The all changes in pH and pO(2) were acceptable;

but the changes in pCO(2), Na+, K+ and iCa(2+) were unacceptable according to TEa limits except fullfilled-syringes.\n\nConclusions: The changes in PDRs and FHCs due nonstandardized sampling in syringe washed with liquid heparin give rise to erroneous test results for pCO(2) and electrolytes.”
“It is often assumed that parent-to-child cultural transmission leads to similarities and differences among groups evolving through descent with modification GSK923295 research buy (“phylogenesis”). Similarly, cultural transmission between peers, and between adults and children who are not their offspring, is widely believed to result in groups exchanging cultural traits (“ethnogenesis”). However, neither of these assumptions has been examined empirically. Here, we test them using ethnographic data on craft learning in

Iranian tribal populations and the cladistic method of phylogenetic analysis. We find that parent-to-child transmission dominates learning during childhood, but the other two forms of interindividual transmission DMXAA purchase become more important in later periods. The latter do not, however, appear to have resulted in extensive exchange of cultural traits among tribes. Instead we find that most of the variation among the tribes’ craft assemblages can be explained by descent with modification. This can be accounted for by the fact that weavers usually only share their knowledge with members of their own tribe and are prevented from interacting with women from other groups by social norms. These findings demonstrate that the relationship between processes of cultural evolution

at the level of the individual and processes of cultural evolution at the level of the group is more complex than is usually acknowledged, and highlight the need for more integrated studies of the processes operating at both scales. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All fights reserved.”
“Here, we report on the successful programming of dendritic cells (DCs) using selectively applied mixtures of chemokines as a novel protocol for engineering vaccine efficiency. Antigen internalization by DCs is a pivotal step in antigen uptake/presentation for bridging innate and adaptive immunity and in exogenous gene delivery used in vaccine strategies. Contrary to most approaches to improve vaccine efficiency, active enhancement of antigen internalization by DCs as a vaccine strategy has been less studied because DCs naturally down-regulate antigen internalization upon maturation.

448, p = 0.001 and OR = 13.430, p = 0.033, respectively). A nomogram that incorporated PSA-MR was considered a useful tool (predictive accuracy: 79.2%, 95% CI: 0.726-0.858, p smaller than 0.001). Furthermore, a nomogram that incorporated PSA-MR would have avoided 59.6% of unnecessary repeated PBx. The predictive accuracy of PSA-MR selleck kinase inhibitor was also superior to that of PSA or PSA-D (p = 0.013 and 0.009, respectively). Conclusions: PSA-MR was an independent predictor, and its consideration would have avoided 59.6% of unnecessary repeated PBx for PCa detection. PSA-MR was also superior than PSA or PSA-D. Our results support the use of PSA-MR to facilitate counseling

with patients after a negative initial PBx, and use of PSA-MR might reduce further unnecessary biopsies.”
“The ‘killer shrimp’, Dikerogammarus

villosus, has been recognised as one of the 100 worst alien species in Europe, in terms of negative impacts on the biodiversity and functioning of invaded ecosystems. During the last twenty years, this Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustacean has rapidly spread throughout Europe’s freshwaters and its invasion and continued range expansion represents a major conservation management problem. Although a great deal of research has focused on this Hedgehog/Smoothened inhibitor almost ‘perfect’ invader as its damaging impacts, realised and potential, have become evident, we now present the first comprehensive review of D. villosus taxonomy, morphology, distribution, community impacts, parasites, life history, physiological tolerance and finally, possible eradication methods. We show the direct and indirect ecosystem impacts of this invader can be profound, as it is a top predator, capable of engaging in a diverse array of other feeding modes. It can quickly dominate resident macroinvertebrate communities Sapitinib supplier in terms of numbers and biomass, with

subsequent large-scale reductions in local biodiversity and potentially altering energy cycling, such as leaf litter processing. This damaging European invader has the potential to become a key invader on a global scale as it may be capable of reaching North American freshwaters, such as the Great Lakes. One positive aspect of this invader’s spread and impact is increased interest in alien species research generally, from decision-makers, stakeholders and the general public. This has resulted in greater financial support to study invasion mechanisms, preventative measures to stop invasion spread and ways to minimise damaging impacts. Our review provides a specific example, that studies identifying management strategies that mitigate against a potential invader’s spread should be undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity in order to minimise potentially irreversible ecosystem damage and biodiversity loss.