Seizures are likely due to cardiac syncope as a consequence of mutation-induced loss of function of the rapidly activating delayed rectifier K(+) current.”
“Photofunctional polymer as silane coupling agent (PFD) was prepared by free radical copolymerization of 4-vinylbenzyl N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate (VBDC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPMS)

as chain transfer agent. Next, silane (SiO(2); the average diameter D(n) = 192 nm) Compound Library cost nanoparticles was surface-modified with PFD and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (gamma-MPS) by covalent bond formed between silanol groups and silane coupling agents. The PFD and gamma-MPS functionalizations changed the silica surface into hydrophobic nature and provided grafting initiation sites and methacrylate terminal groups respectively. We performed the construction of hybrid nanocomposites by Using these modified SiO(2) nanoparticles. It Was

found from electron microscopy observations that SiO(2) particles v,ere packed into repeating cubic arrangements in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix such as collodial crystals. (C) 2009 Wiley Napabucasin in vitro Periodicals, Inc. I Appl Polym Sci 112: 2434-2440, 2009″
“BACKGROUND: Recent research and contemporary ST elevation rnyocardial infarction guidelines emphasize the importance of prompt reperfusion and have redefined the traditional time to treatment metric to include prehospital paramedical staff as the point of first medical contact. However, an important knowledge gap exists relating to data systematically addressing the impact of arrival at the hospital by ambulance

and the delays inherent in transfer front it community hospital to tertiary centres for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

METHODS: The Which Early ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Therapy (WEST) study initiated treatment BIX 01294 price at the point of first medical contact, including prehospital contact. Patients Were randomly assigned to receive fibrinolysis Will) usual care or coupled with mechanical cointervention, or primary PCI. To assess the impact of this strategy on time to treatment, the following randomly assigned patient groups Were compared: prehospital versus in-hospital; those arriving at the hospital by ambulance versus ambulatory self transport; and those whose initial hospital care was a community versus PCI centre.

RESULTS: Of the 328 patients enrolled in the Study, 221 received fibrinolysis and 107 received primary PCI. Compared with the in-hospital group, patients who underwent prehospital random assignment (44%, n=145) experienced it 48 min reduction in median (interquartile range) time from symptom onset to first Study medication (87 min [65 min to 147 min] versus 135 min [95 min to 186 min]; P<0.001) and it 56 min reduction ill time to first balloon inflation (148 min [117 min to 214 min] versus 204 min [166 min to 290 min]; P<0.001).

The CM also up-regulated the expressions of DSPP, DMP-1, and OCN mRNA in HDPC. Pretreatment of HDPC CM with a neutralizing antibody against TGF-beta completely eliminated the effect of CM on ALPase activity in

HDPC.

Conclusion. HDPC was check details able to secrete odontogenic differentiation-inducing factors, in which TGF-beta seems to a key element of the CM effects. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 107: e54-e59)”
“Background: The study set out to identify clinical, laboratory and radiological predictors of early mortality after an acute ischaemic stroke (MS) and to analyse medical and neurological complications that caused death.

Methods: A total of 479 consecutive patients (mean age 63 +/- 14 years) with AIS underwent stroke examination and treatment. Examination included clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and brain CT and/or MRI. Follow-up

data at 30 clays were available for 467 patients (93%) who were included in the present analysis.

Results: The median National Institute of Health Stroke Study (NIHSS) score on admission was 6. A total of 62 patients (13%) died within 30 days. The cause of death was the initial event in 43 (69%), pneumonia in 12 (19%), intracerehral haemorrhage in 9 (15%), recurrent stroke in 6 (10%), myocardial infarction in 2 (3%), and cancer in 1(2%) of the patients.

In univariate comparisons, advanced age (p <0.001), hypertension (p = 0.013), coronary disease (p = 0.001), NIHSS score (p <0.001), undetermined stroke etiology (p = 0.031), relevant comorbidities (p = 0.008), hyperglycemia Bafilomycin A1 molecular weight (p <0.001), atrial fibrillation (p <0.001), Cell Cycle inhibitor early CT signs of ischemia (p <0.001), dense artery sign (p <0.001), proximal vessel occlusion (p <0.001), and thrombolysis (p = 0.008) were associated with early mortality. In multivariate analysis, advanced age (HR = 1.12; 95% CI 1.05-1.19;

p<0.001) and high NIHSS score on admission (HR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.05-1.25; p = 0.002) were independent predictors of early mortality.

Conclusions: We report 13% mortality at 30 days after AIS. More than two thirds of the deaths are related to the initial stroke. Advanced age and high NIHSS score are the only independent predictors of early mortality in this series.”
“Effect of homogenization of the chemical composition and crystal structure on the magnetocaloric effects have been studied for bulk Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.8Ge0.2 alloy prepared by mechanical alloying and subsequent spark plasma sintering method. After optimal homogenization treatment, the ferromagnetic impurity, Ge6Fe3Mn4 phase was completely eliminated from the alloy; furthermore, the crystal lattice constant of the MnFePGe main phase, which possesses a hexagonal Fe2P-type structure, varies obviously compared with that of the sintered sample. As a result, the Curie temperature, T-C, of the alloy increases from 253 to 267.

Flexural strength, microhardness, and nanoindentation hardness measurements were performed on the light-cured specimens. Optical microscopy (OM) examination showed a random distribution of the microspheres throughout the host material. The incorporation of small amounts of the microcapsules did not affect the performance of the matrix material. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed excellent bonding of the microcapsules to the host material which is a characteristic of utter importance for maintaining the very

good mechanical properties of a dental composite with self-healing ability. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 122: 2557-2562, 2011″
“We investigate the interfacial structure 3-MA chemical structure of PbZr(0.20)Ti(0.80)O(3) (PZT)/La(0.67)Sr(0.33)MnO(3) CAL-101 supplier (LSMO)/SrTiO(3) heterostructures by combining low-magnification transmission electron microscopy imaging and spectroscopy techniques with high-resolution spherical-aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging, geometrical phase analysis, and spectroscopy results. For certain thickness regimes, the interface between PZT and LSMO is found to have a significant

density of planar defects at the interface. Both A-site cation (Pb) diffusivity and highly inhomogeneous local strains are observed at the boundaries of the defect areas. It is proposed that Pb is incorporated as PbO Ruddlesden-Popper planar fault within the LSMO. see more These results underline the importance of chemical fluctuations caused by long-range strain fields associated with defect cores. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3569858]“
“Background: Female adolescent runners have an elevated prevalence of low bone mass for age-an outcome that may be partially clue to inadequate energy intake.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate diet, menstrual

history, serum hormone concentrations, and bone mass in female adolescent runners with normal or abnormal bone turnover.

Design: Thirty-nine cross-country runners (age: 15.7 +/- 0.2 y) participated in the study, which included a 7-d dietary assessment with the use of a food record and daily 24-h dietary recalls; serum measures of insulin-like growth factor I, estradiol, leptin, parathyroid hormone, progesterone, triiodothyronine, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and cross-linked C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX); an evaluation of height, weight, bone mass, and body composition with the use of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; and a questionnaire to assess menses and sports participation. Age- and sex-specific BAP and CTX concentrations of at least the 97th percentile and no greater than the third percentile, respectively, were considered abnormal.

All treatments increased the bioaccessibility of the antioxidant activity (IC(50)), minerals (dialysis and solubility) and starch (resistant and digestible) compared to the untreated sample. Bioaccessibility of calcium, iron and zinc in the treated sample for 500 MPA at 10 min, expressed as percentage solubility, was several-fold higher (three, three and

five times, respectively) than in the untreated sample. Similar effect was observed in IC(50) value, algarrobo seed untreated sample exhibited the lowest antioxidant activity (0.11 +/- 0.005 mg/ml), and followed by all treated samples (500 MPa at 2, 4, Sand 10 min) which showed the strongest activity.

In summary, the antioxidant capacity, mineral and starch content of the seed may be underestimated in the 4EGI-1 ic50 literature because the extraction solvents usually used do not allow a complete release of antioxidant compounds and, additionally, non-extractable polyphenols with a high antioxidant capacity are ignored. This correspondingly applies to the starch and mineral content. On the other hand, the analysis of in vitro digestive enzymatic extracts suggests that the antioxidant activity, minerals and starch of seed in the human gut may be higher than what might be expected from literature data based on measurements of aqueous-organic

extracts. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Brassinosteroids (BRs) have been shown to induce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, and BR-induced H2O2 up-regulates antioxidant defence systems in plants. However, the mechanisms find more by which BR-induced H2O2 regulates antioxidant defence systems in plants remain to be determined. In the present study, the role of ZmMPK5, a mitogen-activated

protein kinase, in BR-induced anitioxidant defence and the relationship between the activation of ZmMPK5 and H2O2 production in BR signalling PFTα cost were investigated in leaves of maize (Zea mays) plants. BR treatment activated ZmMPK5, induced apoplastic and chloroplastic H2O2 accumulation, and enhanced the total activities of antioxidant enzymes. Such enhancements were blocked by pre-treatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) inhibitors and H2O2 inhibitors or scavengers. Pre-treatment with MAPKK inhibitors substantially arrested the BR-induced apoplastic H2O2 production after 6 h of BR treatment, but did not affect the levels of apoplastic H2O2 within 1 h of BR treatment. BR-induced gene expression of NADPH oxidase was also blocked by pre-treatment with MAPKK inhibitors and an apoplastic H2O2 inhibitor or scavenger after 120 min of BR treatment, but was not affected within 30 min of BR treatment. These results suggest that the BR-induced initial apoplastic H2O2 production activates ZmMPK5, which is involved in self-propagation of apoplastic H2O2 via regulation of NADPH oxidase gene expression in BR-induced antioxidant defence systems.

Just recently, caffeine citrate has become a “”label”" drug and it would be beneficial if more studies could confirm the more significant

effects it has on the more severe conditions of prematurity.”
“BACKGROUND: The design of experiments (DoE) is applied VX-680 mw to the process optimization of p-xylene (pX) separation from its isomers m-xylene (mX) and o-xylene (oX) mixture using silicalite-1 membrane supported on alpha-alumina. A central composite design (CCD) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was used to correlate the effect of two separation process variables, temperature (150-250 degrees C) and pX feed partial pressure (0.10-0.26 kPa) to three responses: (i) pX flux; (ii) pX/oX separation factor; and (iii) pX/mX separation factor. The significant factors affecting each response were elucidated from the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The interaction between two variables was investigated ARN-509 systematically based on three-dimensional response

surface plots.

RESULTS: The optimization criteria were used to maximize the value of pX flux, pX/mX separation factor and pX/oX separation factor. The optimum pX flux of 5.94 x 10(-6) mol m(-2) s(-1), pX/oX separation factor of 19 and pX/mX separation factor of 20 were obtained at a temperature of 198 degrees C and pX feed partial pressure of 0.22 kPa.

CONCLUSIONS: The experimental results were in good agreement with the simulated values obtained from the proposed models, with an average error of +/- 2.90%. In comparison with the conventional approach, DoE provides better flexibility of the process studies and a useful guideline for the membrane process operation for pX separation. (c) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Advances in neonatal intensive care have markedly HIF inhibitor review improved survival rates for infants born at a very early lung development stage (<26 weeks gestation). In these premature

infants, even low inspired oxygen concentrations and gentle ventilatory methods may disrupt distal lung growth, a condition described as “”new”" bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). BPD usually develops into a mild form, with only few infants requiring ventilator support and oxygen supplementation at 36 weeks post-conception. No magic bullets exist for treating infants with established severe BPD. Current management of the disease aims at maintaining an adequate gas exchange while promoting optimal lung growth. Prolonged oxygen therapy and ventilator support through nasal cannulae or a tracheotomy are often required to maintain blood gases. Short-course, low-dose corticosteroids may improve lung function and accelerate weaning from oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Pulmonary hypertension is a major complication in infants with severe BPD. Pulmonary vasodilators, such as sildenafil followed by bosentan, may improve the oxygenation and pulmonary outcome.

HBV genotype and BCP/PC mutations were determined by direct sequencing.

Mutations at 8 sites of the BCP/PC region were compared between the two groups of patients. A significantly Erastin concentration higher ratio of genotype B to C was found in patients with HB-ACLF than in patients with CHB (30.7-69.3% vs16.5-82.6%, P < 0.01). Single mutations including T1753V (C/A/G), A1762T, G1764A, G1896A and G1899A and triple mutations T1753V/A1762T/G1764A and A1762T/G1764A/C1766T (or T1768A) were more frequently detected in patients with HB-ACLF than in patients with CHB. Correspondingly, BCP/PC wild-type sequences were absent in patients with HB-ACLF in contrast to 27.1% in patients with CHB. The BCP/PC mutations were found to be associated with increased HBeAg negativity, higher alanine aminotransferase level and lower viral load. Patients with HB-ACLF infected with the PC mutant virus had a higher

mortality. The findings suggest that patients with CHB infected with genotype B with BCP/PC mutations were more likely to develop HB-ACLF than those with genotype C with wild-type BCP/PC regions, and patients with HB-ACLF with the PC mutation had increased risk of a fatal outcome.”
“Alleviated melanin formation in the skin through inhibition of tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction is one of the major targets of cosmetics for whitening ability. Since melanin has a pivotal role for photoprotection, there are pros and cons of inhibition of melanin formation. This study applying electron spin resonance (ESR)-spin trapping method revealed that H-center dot and (OH)-O-center this website dot are generated through tyrosine-tyrosinase reaction. When deuterium water was used instead of H2O, the signal

of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)-H (a spin adduct of DMPO and H-center dot) greatly decreased, whilst DMPO-OH (a spin adduct of DMPO and (OH)-O-center dot) did not. Thus, it is suggested that H-center dot was derived from H2O, and (OH)-O-center dot through oxidative catalytic process of tyrosine to dopaquinone. Our study suggests that tyrosinase inhibitors might contribute to alleviate the oxidative damage of the skin by inhibiting (OH)-O-center dot generation via the Fedratinib enzyme reaction.”
“Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of endorectal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging for prediction of the pathologic stage of prostate cancer and the presence of clinically nonimportant disease in patients with clinical stage T1c prostate cancer.

Materials and Methods: The institutional review board approved-and waived the informed patient consent requirement for-this HIPAA-compliant study involving 158 patients (median age, 58 years; age range, 40-76 years) who had clinical stage T1c prostate cancer, had not been treated preoperatively, and underwent combined 1.

[doi:10.1063/1.3234384]“
“Objective Attachment theory has received much interest lately in relation to how adults cope with stress and severe illness. The aim of this study was using Selleck Ro-3306 the experiences of patients and family members to explore palliative home care as a secure base (a central concept within the theory). Methods Twelve patients and 14 family members were interviewed during ongoing palliative home care. The interviews were analysed with deductive qualitative content analysis. Results

Informants expressed the relevance of sensing security during palliative home care because death and dying were threats that contributed to vulnerability. Palliative home care could foster a feeling of security and provide a secure base. This was facilitated when informants had trust in staff (e.g. due to availability and competence in providing symptom relief), felt recognised as individuals

and welcomed to contact the team in times of needs. Being comfortable, informed and having an everyday life also contributed to a perception of palliative home care as a secure base. Family members stressed the importance of being relieved from responsibilities that were too heavy. The underlying meanings of experiencing palliative home care as a secure base involved gaining VX-809 concentration a sense of control and of inner peace, perceiving that despite a demanding and changed life situation, one could continue partially being oneself and having something to hope for, even if this no longer concerned cure for the ill person. Conclusions Important aspects of palliative home

care as providing a secure base were identified and these have implications for clinical practice. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“Methods: We evaluated ICE intraoperative imaging of left ventricular (LV) function and aortic valvular flow as well as safety of implementation. ICE was used to guide CRT system lead placement, assess impact of pacing modes, and optimization of device programming.

Results: Twenty-three patients underwent ICE imaging. ICE showed global hypokinesis in six patients, regional selleck compound wall motion abnormality only in 10 patients, and both in seven patients. Optimized CRT modes included mean atrioventricular (AV) interval of 170 ms and interventricular timing using simultaneous right ventricular (RV)-LV pacing (five patients), LV pacing only (one patient), and sequential LV to RV stimulation (15 patients) or RV to LV stimulation (two patients). ICE-guided CRT acutely improved mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) from 24 +/- 9% to 41 +/- 1% (P < 0.00001). During follow-up of 3-24 (mean 11) months, New York Heart Association class improved in all patients from a mean of 3.2 +/- 0.4 at implant to 1.6 +/- 0.7 (P < 0.0001), with improvement of LVEF from 19 +/- 7% to 34 +/- 12% (P = 0.0001). Actuarial survival was 83% at 12 months.

From these observations we deduce a number of testable predictions. To assess

the real-time properties of our model we applied it to a high-speed robot. These robot results show that our model of the locust opto-motor system is able to reliably stabilize the movement trajectory of the robot and can robustly support collision avoidance. In addition, these behavioural experiments suggest that the emergent non-linear Dibutyryl-cAMP mw responses of the LGMD neuron enhance the system’s collision detection acuity. We show how all reported properties of this neuron are consistently reproduced by this alternative model, and how they emerge from the overall opto-motor processing structure of the locust. Hence, our results propose an alternative view on neuronal computation that emphasizes the network properties

as opposed to the local transformations that can be performed by single neurons.”
“Background There is increasing evidence that health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is associated with a successful treatment and better outcome in opioid addiction the aim of the present study was the longitudinal investigation of HRQOL in patients with severe amid dependence who were randomly assigned to four groups of medical and psychosocial treatment heroin (diacetylmorphine) versus methadone and case management (CM) versus psychoeducation (PSE) respectively

Methods HRQOL (MSQoL) and physical health (OTI) were Investigated in 938 subjects who participated in the Gel man multi-centre study examining the effects of heroin-assisted treatment in patients GSK1120212 ic50 with severe opioid P005091 molecular weight dependence Data for the present analysis were taken from baseline and 12-month follow up

Results Under both forms of maintenance and psychosocial treatment HRQOL improved significantly during the observation period HRQOL improvement under maintenance with heroin exceeded improvement under methadone especially with regard to subjective physical health HRQOL improvement was significantly associated with

better expert-rated physical health Further analyses showed significant better improvement of HRQOL in subjects treated with PSE compared with CM

Conclusions The advantage of heroin with regard to the improvement of HRQOL may be partially explained by a better Improvement of physical health under maintenance with heroin compared with methadone which highlights the importance of a comprehensive model of health care for patients with severe opioid dependence Future studies need to investigate the benefits of PSE for patients in maintenance therapy (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd All rights reserved”
“Polymer-clay nanocomposites are well-known high-performance materials with a superior tensile modulus. However, in the case of composites with polyimide (PI), additional functions require study because PI is a high-performance material in itself.

Our data suggest that endoplasmic reticulum MK-8931 supplier stress, likely mediated by NO, contributes to the AF cell apoptosis induced by cyclic stretch in addition to the mitochondrial pathway. These findings could be helpful to understand the mechanism of disc cell apoptosis, the root cause

of IVD degeneration.”
“The reaction of 3,4,6-triisopropyl-1,2-benzoquinone with phenylacetylene and phosphorus trichloride gave 2,6-dichloro-5,7,8-triisopropyl-4-phenyl-1,2 lambda(5)-benzoxaphosphinine 2-oxide whose structure was determined by X-ray analysis.”
“Vinegar is one of the most commonly used sauces in Asia. However, cheap synthetic acetic acid or molasses spirit vinegar is widely used to adulterate pure fermented products. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate pure rice vinegar by three model of rice vinegar authentication test. According to the analysis of SNIF-NMR method, the (D/H)(CH3) values for rice vinegar, molasses spirit vinegar, and synthetic vinegar are

98.50, 108.46 and 131.58 ppm. The results of (D/H)(CH3) showed that there are significant differences for different materials (p < 0.05). In the rice vinegar authentication model test, the results showed that (D/H)(CH3) increases with the addition of molasses spirit vinegar or synthetic vinegar, and that there is a good linear correlation (R-2 > 0.97). According to these results, we consider the SNIF-NMR method to be an effective way of determining the HIF inhibitor review AZD6244 datasheet degree of adulteration in fermented rice vinegar. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) experience impaired quality of life (QoL) and psychological distress. Catheter ablation of AF can markedly improve QoL. However, the effect of catheter ablation of AF on psychological status is unknown. Hypothesis: Depression, anxiety, and QoL improve after catheter ablation in patients with paroxysmal AF. Methods: A total of 166 consecutive

patients with symptomatic paroxysmal AF were examined. Eighty-two patients (55 men, mean age 55.9 +/- 6.1 y) underwent catheter ablation and 84 patients (58 men, mean age 57.2 +/- 5.4 years) received antiarrhythmic drug (AAD) therapy. The Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, and Medical Outcomes Survey 36-item Short-Form questionnaires were completed by these patients at baseline, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of follow-up. Results in the ablation group were compared with those of the AAD group. Results: In the ablation group, 42.7% of patients showed symptoms of depression and 37.8% showed symptoms of anxiety, which were similar to those in the AAD group. Both groups similarly displayed reduced physical and mental QoL.

We examined the association of AAC and FJ OA using logistic regression before and after adjusting for age, sex and body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, we examined the independent effect of AAC on FJ OA after including the known cardiovascular risk factors; diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking.

Results: Low ARC (OR 3.84 [2.33-6.34]; NVP-HSP990 P <= 0.0001) and high ARC (9.84 [5.29-18.3]; <= 0.0001) were strongly associated with

FJ OA, compared with the reference group. After adjusting for age, sex, and BMI, the association with FJ OR was attenuated for both low ARC (1.81 [1.01-3.27]; P=0.05) and high ARC (2.63 [0.99-5.23]; P=0.05). BMI and age were independently and significantly associated with FJ OA. The addition of cardiovascular JNJ-26481585 Epigenetics inhibitor risk factors to the model did not substantially change parameter estimates for either AAC tertile.

Conclusions: AACs were associated with FJ OA in this community-based population, when adjusting for epidemiologic factors

associated with spinal degeneration, and cardiovascular risk factors. Potentially modifiable risk factors for facet degeneration unrelated to conventional biomechanical paradigms may exist. This study is limited by cross-sectional design; longitudinal studies are needed. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Osteoarthritis Research Society International,”
“Amyloidosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by the accumulation of an amorphous proteinaceous material in various organs and tissues of the body. Amyloid goiter is an exceedingly rare pathologic condition due to massive amyloid infiltration of the thyroid tissue. Amyloid goiter occurs in association with both primary and secondary systemic amyloidosis, more commonly in the latter. Preoperatively, it simulates a multinodular goiter, and surgical intervention is often necessary to establish a diagnosis and to relieve compressive symptoms of a neck mass. We present the case of an

85-year-old female patient who presented with a rapidly enlarging goiter. Histologic examination confirmed amyloid goiter.”
“Intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) has been introduced as a potential therapy for obesity. However, it is unknown whether the effects of IES on gastrointestinal motility and food CP-456773 chemical structure intake are location-specific. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of “”appendix”" (cecum in dog) electrical stimulation (AES) on gastric tone, gastric emptying, and food intake in dogs.

Twelve healthy dogs were used in three experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, gastric tone and food intake were studied in six dogs implanted with a gastric cannula and one pair of stimulation electrodes in the “”appendix.”" Experiment 3 was performed to study gastric emptying in six dogs with a duodenal cannula and one pair of stimulation electrodes in the “”appendix.”"

(1) AES resulted in proximal gastric distention, with gastric volume increased from 114.9 +/- 10.