7 +/- 3.5, Group M: 12.7 +/- 17.5 min, p = 0.001). Agitation score was

significantly GSI-IX mw lower in Group M at the 60th min (Group C: 1.3 +/- 0.7, Group M: 1.0 +/- 0.3, p = 0.005). Agitation or pain/discomfort scores in the resting observation periods were the same. The initial MAS value was lower in Group M (Group C: 5.0 +/- 1.9, Group M: 4.0 +/- 1.7, p = 0.003). There was no significant difference between groups regarding side effects.

Conclusion: Magnesium sulphate infusion has no influence on sevoflurane-induced discomfort or emergence agitation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: With the aim of improving the understanding of iliosacral screw placement, two hypotheses were tested: (1) standard intraoperative inlet and outlet images are not based on orthogonal coordinates, and (2) therefore making starting point and aim changes by moving perpendicular to the c-arm beam will displace the guide wire on the other intraoperative radiographic view.

Methods: This is a prospective case series with review of intraoperative data from consecutive patients treated at a University Level I trauma center. The study group included ten consecutive patients with nondysmorphic

upper sacral segments and unstable posterior pelvic ring injuries that required surgical treatment. Posterior surgical stabilization included iliosacral screw placement using a standardized three-view technique in the supine position. The main outcome measurement included the angles from the perpendicular required to achieve what have been considered the ideal Selleckchem SHP099 inlet and outlet views intraoperatively. The angle arc for each patient created by the recorded angles was then determined.

Results: The average sagittal plane tilt required to achieve the ideal inlet view was 25 degrees (range, Acadesine manufacturer 21-33 degrees). The average sagittal plane tilt required to achieve

the ideal outlet view was 42 degrees (range, 30-50 degrees). The average arc between the ideal inlet and outlet views was 67 degrees (range, 62-76 degrees). These views never created an orthogonal system.

Conclusion: We commonly work in orthogonal systems. Within these systems, it is possible to make a uniplanar correction by moving perpendicular to one plane or radiographic view. The ideal views to image the safe zone for iliosacral screw placement do not create an orthogonal system. When this average angle arc is placed on a graphic model of the pelvis, it becomes clear that the plane of the radiographic beam of the ideal inlet view is collinear with the anterior aspect of the upper two sacral bodies. The outlet view is oblique to the upper sacral bodies. Surgeons must keep this in mind when using fluoroscopic views to insert iliosacral screws.”
“In the present study, potential of polymeric microspheres for treatment of allergic conjunctivitis was investigated.

Results: SRCs were expressed in all examined tissues. The expression levels of SRC-1 and the number of SRC-1-positive cells in ovarian endometriosis Selleck JAK inhibitor were greater than those of TIF2 and SRC-3. In addition, immunohistochemistry showed that ER alpha was colocalized with SRC-1 in almost all glandular and many stromal cells in ovarian endometriotic tissue.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrates the expression pattern of SRCs in ovarian endometriosis. It appears that SRC-1 is predominant among the other SRC family members and colocalizes with ER alpha. Although further study

is needed, SRC-1 may affect the transcriptional activity of ER alpha in human ovarian endometriosis.”
“Probiotics, gut-colonizing microorganisms capable of conferring a number of health benefits to their hosts, are highly desirable as animal feed supplements. Members of the Gram-positive genus Bacillus are often utilized as probiotics, since endospores formed by those bacteria render them highly resistant selleck chemicals llc to environmental extremes and therefore capable of surviving gastrointestinal tract conditions. In this study, 84 distinct bacterial colonies were obtained from bovine chyme and 29 isolates were determined as Bacillus species. These isolates were principally screened for their antimicrobial activity against a group of two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria, including

known human and animal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Seven strains displaying strong antimicrobial activity against the test cohort were further evaluated for other properties desirable from animal probiotics, including high spore-forming capacity and adhesiveness, resistance

to pH extremes and ability to form biofilms. The isolates were found to resist simulated gastrointestinal conditions and most of the antibiotics tested. In addition, plasmid presence was checked and cytotoxicity tests were performed to evaluate the potential risks of antibiotic resistance transfer and unintended pathogenic effects on host, respectively. We propose that the bacterial Proteasome inhibitor isolates are suitable for use as animal probiotics.”
“Purpose: The intent of this study was to compare urine parameters between kidney stone formers with low, expected, and high creatinine to weight ratio (Cr/kg) and to discuss implications for treatment.

Patients and Methods: In this retrospective study, 381 stone formers (205 females and 176 males) with urine collections for nephrolithiasis evaluation were included. Using the first collected sample, patients were grouped into low, expected, and high Cr/kg using sex appropriate reference ranges (15.0-20.0mg/kg for females and 18.0-24.0 mg/kg for males) and evaluated.

Results: Of initial collections, 50.7% were outside the Cr/kg reference range.

As a consequence, the peak in electron density also moves from the center of the

chamber toward its outer periphery. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3406153]“
“Two-year outcomes of treating cystocele with a polypropylene mesh (Perigee SystemA (R) with InteProA (R), AMS, Inc.) placed via a transobturator approach are reported.

A prospective, multicenter trial was conducted evaluating 114 women with a parts per thousand yen stage II anterior wall prolapse defined using International Continence Society guidelines. Treatment success was defined as anterior stage a parts per thousand currency sign I at a 24-month follow-up. Quality of life questionnaires were administered at baseline and follow-up. Complications MI-503 clinical trial were reported via adverse events.

Efficacy at 24 months was 88.5% (77/87). Pelvic floor distress inventory, pelvic floor impact questionnaire-7, and pelvic organ prolapse/urinary incontinence sexual questionnaire were all significantly improved from baseline (p < 0.001). Complication rates reported were vaginal mesh extrusion 10.5% (12/114) and groin, pelvic, or vaginal pain 4.4% (5/114). Six subjects reported de

novo dyspareunia. Out of the 49 subjects reporting dyspareunia at baseline, 15 were resolved postoperatively.

The Perigee System is an effective treatment to repair anterior wall prolapse with a low rate of complications through a 2-year follow-up.”
“We describe a technique that uses IntraLase-created zigzag incisions for deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty. In this Adriamycin research buy technique, the laser creates a precise incision that extends to within 70 mu m of the recipient Descemet membrane. The deep incision minimizes air escape into the peripheral cornea during big-bubble formation. In cases that require hand dissection, the deep incision provides a reference for gauging the dissection depth. The angled incision edge facilitates final stromal excision with scissors. Compared

with standard vertical incisions, the zigzag incision provides an interlocking wound configuration and facilitates matching the donor and recipient GSK-3 inhibitor anterior surfaces.”
“Galfenol (Fe(100-x)Ga(x)) is a relatively new, highly magnetostrictive active material with strains of about 330 ppm as a slow cooled single crystal and about 280 ppm as a highly textured polycrystal at x=similar to 18.4. Four main advantages over other materials are (1) Galfenol’s structural strength; (2) the ability of a single composition to operate over the temperature range of -269-+150 degrees C (for stress annealed rods, higher for unannealed rods); (3) the ability of stress annealed Galfenol to provide full performance under stresses ranging from at least -160 to +30 MPa (compressive stresses are negative); and (4) the ability to use standard metal working techniques.

04 taper series 29 instruments and hand files for gutta-percha removal.

Study

design. Twenty maxillary central incisors with a single straight canal were instrumented and filled. The teeth were divided into 2 groups of 10 specimens each, according to gutta-percha removal techniques: Group 1- Profile series 29 and Group 2- hand files and solvent. The amount of time for gutta-percha removal and the number of fractured instruments were evaluated. Radiographs were taken and the teeth were grooved longitudinally and split. The area of residual debris was measured using computer software.

Results. The time for filling material removal was significantly shorter when Profile series 29 was used (P = .00). Regarding cleanliness, there were no statistical differences in the teeth halves evaluations PF-6463922 inhibitor (P = .05). Hand instruments cleaned the canals significantly better than Profiles, in the radiographic analysis considering the whole canal. Overall, the radiographic analysis showed a smaller percentage of residual debris than the teeth halves analysis.

Conclusion. The Profile series 29 instruments

proved to be faster than hand instruments in removing root filling materials; however, hand instruments yielded better root canal cleanliness. Some residual debris was not visualized by radiographs. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009; 108: e46-e50)”
“Methods and Results: Transseptal endocardial and percutaneous epicardial mapping were performed in a porcine model (n = 7). Two opposing 4-mm electrophysiological

catheters were positioned endocardially and epicardially. A circular mapping catheter (CMC) was positioned at the Alvespimycin cost ostium of the common inferior pulmonary vein (CIPV) recording left atrial (LA)-PV potentials. Endocardial and epicardial effective refractory periods see more (ERPs) at two basic cycle lengths (CLs) of 600 and 400 ms were recorded from four anatomic locations (CIPV, LA appendage, right superior PV, and LA posterior wall). Atrial repetitive response (ARR) induction was also tested from endocardial and epicardial sites. Overall, 254 ERP measurements (mean 36.3 per animal) and 84 induction attempts (mean 12 per animal) were performed. The ERP was significantly shorter in the epicardium compared to the endocardium at basic CL of 400 ms (P = 0.006) but not at CL of 600 ms (P = 0.2). In addition, only the epicardium demonstrated ERP shortening when the CL of the basic drive was shortened (P = 0.03). ARR could be induced more often from the epicardium (P = 0.002) and fibrillatory activity with epicardial/endocardial dissociation was recorded (n = 3). Also, the earliest PV activation site on the CMC was noted to be different in 16.5% of cases during epicardial and endocardial pacing.

Conclusion: The electrophysiological characteristics of the atrial epicardium are different from the endocardium with a shorter ERP and more frequent ARR induction by programed stimulation. (PACE 2011; 37-46).”
“Study Design.

048) and MMP-8 levels (1.61 +/- 0.34 vs 4.84 +/- 1.38 pg/mL; P = .001) and higher TIMP-4 levels (3.06 +/- 0.40 vs 2.16 +/- 0.18 pg/mL; P = .05) compared with control. Seven of 9 SIC patients had elevated LV end-diastolic pressures, and all had normal LV end-diastolic dimensions and volumes.

Conclusions: Patients afflicted with SIC had MMP and TIMP profiles similar to those described in hypertensive heart disease and diastolic heart failure and different from the profiles following myocardial infarction. Our findings

uncovered a unique biomolecular profile in SIC during the first Screening Library 24 hours of presentation. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:487-492)”
“We have studied surface roughness scaling of ZnO:Al thin films grown by rf magnetron sputtering of a compound target within framework of the dynamic scaling theory using atomic force microscopy. We have observed a crossover in scaling behavior of surface roughness at a deposition time of 25 min. Both the regimes are characterized by power-law dependence of local surface width w(r,t) on deposition time for small r, typical of anomalous scaling. The scaling exponents for the first regime indicate the existence of a new dynamics. For t >=

25 min, the films follow super-rough scaling behavior with global exponents alpha=1.5 +/- 0.2 and beta=1.03 +/- 0.01, and local exponents alpha(local)=1 GDC-0994 in vitro and beta(local)=0.67 +/- 0.05. The anomaly in the scaling behavior of the films is discussed in terms of the shadowing instability and bombardment of energetic particles during growth of the films.”
“The effects of pretreatment reagents on the hydrolysis and physical properties of PET fabrics were investigated under various alkaline hydrolysis treatment and pretreatment conditions. Before

alkaline hydrolysis, solvent treatment with pretreatment reagents, including benzyl alcohol (PET-b) or 2-phenyl ethanol (PET-p), modified the structure of the PET fabric, thus affecting the hydrolysis and physical properties of the PET fabrics. Fabric weight loss increased with increasing hydrolysis time. The rate constant (k) increased markedly with increasing rnethyl groups in the pretreatment reagents. The activation energy (E(a)) of untreated GDC-0994 fabrics was higher than those of the treated fabrics. The crystallinity of the PET fabrics increased with increasing hydrolysis times (t) and methyl groups in the pretreatment reagents. The weight loss of PET-b increased with increasing pretreatment temperature (T). However, the weight loss of PET-p increased up to 100 degrees C but decreased above 120 degrees C. The shrinkage of all samples increased with increasing hydrolysis times (t). Shrinkage of PET-b and PET-p was greater than that of untreated fabrics. PET-b displayed greater shrinkage than PET-p because byproducts polluted the PET fibers. Both the initial and maximum water absorption of the fabrics increased with increasing hydrolysis times (t). (c) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Methods. An 11-year-old boy suffered from right side weakness for 1 year. His mother witnessed his awkward walking and clumsiness in using chopsticks and writing. His medical history was unremarkable, and there was no history of significant Alvespimycin trauma. Right upper limb weakness of Grade IV/V

and difficulty in hopping on right leg was checked on neurologic examination. The magnetic resonance image showed cervical canal stenosis at atlas level and high signal intensity change in the spinal cord. The computed tomography demonstrated partial defect at anterior and posterior arch of the atlas with incurving at defect site leading to cord compression. Suspecting one of craniovertebral junction anomalies, we performed a surgical resection of the posterior arch of the atlas (decompressive laminectomy).

Results. The laminectomy was done. The defect site of the posterior arch was substituted with a cartilage and there was no dural adhesion. After surgery, right lower limb weakness

was improved and no instability has been observed during 1-year follow-up.

Conclusion. We describe the association between compressive myelopathy and combined anteroposterior spondyloschisis of an atlas with incurving of the arch at defect site. Both computed tomography and magnetic resonance image were required to demonstrate the Selleck Buparlisib bony configuration and cord compression. And decompressive laminectomy of atlas was effective as a treatment for this compressive myelopathy caused by midline defect in the posterior atlantal arch with bony incurving.”
“Background: Few intervention programs assist patients and their family

caregivers to manage advanced cancer and maintain their quality of life (QOL). This study examined (i) whether patient-caregiver dyads (i. e., pairs) randomly assigned to a brief or extensive dyadic intervention (the FOCUS Program) had better outcomes than dyads randomly assigned to usual care and (ii) whether patients’ risk for distress and other factors moderated the effect of the brief or extensive program on outcomes.

Methods: Advanced cancer patients and their caregivers (N = 484 dyads) were stratified by patients’ baseline risk for distress (high versus low), cancer type (lung, colorectal, breast, or prostate), and research site and then randomly assigned Dibutyryl-cAMP to a brief (three-session) or extensive (six-session) intervention or control. The interventions offered dyads information and support. Intermediary outcomes were appraisals (i. e., appraisal of illness/caregiving, uncertainty, and hopelessness) and resources (i. e., coping, interpersonal relationships, and self-efficacy). The primary outcome was QOL. Data were collected prior to intervention and post-intervention (3 and 6 months from baseline). The final sample was 302 dyads. Repeated measures MANCOVA was used to evaluate outcomes.

Results: Significant group by time interactions showed that there was an improvement in dyads’ coping (p < 0.

“
“The protective effects of late-phase preconditioning can be triggered by several stimuli. Unfortunately, the transfer from bench to bedside still represents a challenge, as concomitant medication or diseases influence the complex signalling pathways involved. In an established model of primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, we analysed the cardioprotective Selleckchem Adriamycin effects of three different stimulating pharmaceuticals of clinical relevance. The effect of additional beta-blocker treatment was studied as these were previously shown to negatively influence preconditioning.

Twenty-four hours prior to hypoxia, cells pre-treated with or without metoprolol (0.55 mu g/ml)

were preconditioned with isoflurane, levosimendan or xenon. The influences of SU5416 chemical structure these stimuli on hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as well as inducible and endothelial nitric synthase (iNOS/eNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were analysed by polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The preconditioning was proved by trypan blue cell counts following 5 h of hypoxia and confirmed by fluorescence staining.

Five hours of hypoxia reduced cell survival

in unpreconditioned control cells to 44 +/- 4%. Surviving cell count was significantly higher in cells preconditioned either by 2 x 15 min isoflurane (70 +/- 16%; P = 0.005) or by xenon (59 +/- 8%; P = 0.049). Xenon-preconditioned cells showed a significantly elevated content of VEGF (0.025 +/- 0.010 IDV [integrated density values when compared with GAPDH] vs 0.003 +/- 0.006 IDV in controls; P = 0.0003). The protein expression of HIF-1 alpha was increased both by levosimendan (0.563 +/- 0.175 IDV vs 0.142 +/- 0.042 IDV in controls; P = 0.0289) and by xenon (0.868 +/- 0.222 Selleck BKM120 IDV; P < 0.0001) pretreatment. A significant elevation of mRNA expression of iNOS was measureable following preconditioning by xenon but not by the other chosen stimuli. eNOS mRNA expression was found to be suppressed by beta-blocker

treatment for all stimuli. In our model, independently of the chosen stimulus, beta-blocker treatment had no significant effect on cell survival.

We found that the stimulation of late-phase preconditioning involves several distinct pathways that are variably addressed by the different stimuli. In contrast to isoflurane treatment, xenon-induced preconditioning does not lead to an increase in COX-2 gene transcription but to a significant increase in HIF-1 alpha and subsequently VEGF.”
“Background: Surveillance designed to detect changes in the type-specific distribution of HPV in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN-3) is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the Australian vaccination programme on cancer causing HPV types. This paper develops a protocol that eliminates the need to calculate required sample size; sample size is difficult to calculate in advance because HPV’s true type-specific prevalence is imperfectly known.

Tracheal branches provide a conduit for non-occluded virions (budded selleck products virus) to pass through the basal lamina barrier and disseminate BmMNPV in the silkworm silk gland.”
“To compare three preference-based health-related quality-of-life (HRQL) measures and examine independent correlates of HRQL among overweight and obese women with urinary incontinence (UI) enrolled in a weight loss intervention trial.

Participants completed baseline questionnaires, which included the Health Utilities Index 3 (HUI3) and Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36). The SF-36 was used to derive SF-6D and estimated Quality of Well-Being (eQWB) scores. Height, weight,

medical history, incontinence measures, and level of physical activity also were assessed. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was computed, and differences in mean scores across HRQL measures were examined. Potential correlates of HUI3, SF-6D, and eQWB scores were evaluated using multivariable generalized linear models.

Mean +/- A SD scores for the HUI3, SF-6D, and eQWB were 0.81 +/- A 0.18, 0.75 +/- A 0.10, and 0.71 +/- A 0.06, respectively. Significant differences were observed across measures (P < 0.0001), and the overall ICC was 0.36. In multivariable analyses, BMI was negatively associated with HUI3 (P = 0.003) and eQWB (P <

0.001), and UI episode frequency was negatively associated with eQWB (P = 0.015) and SF-6D (P < 0.001).

Significant differences in mean utilities across the HUI3, SF-6D, and eQWB indicate that these measures do not assess identical dimensions of HRQL. Both BMI and UI episode frequency Selleck Danusertib were related to HRQL in this cohort; however, the magnitude of the relationship depended on the preference-based measure used. These findings highlight the need to consider the method used to generate HRQL values for calculating quality-adjusted life-years in cost-utility analyses, since choice of method may have a substantial impact on the outcome of the analysis.”
“Background: It has been suggested

that exhaled breath temperature (EBT) is increased in asthmatic subjects. Objectives: Our aim was to investigate EBT in asthmatics compared to healthy controls before and after eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation NVP-HSP990 concentration (EVH) and a methacholine challenge test (MCT). Methods: A total of 26 asthmatics and 29 healthy controls were included. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), EBT and oral, axillary and auricular temperatures were measured before and after EVH and MCT. Results: FEV1 % predicted (% p) was significantly lower in asthmatic subjects compared to healthy controls at all time points. EBT was significantly increased in all subjects 15-30 min after EVH and 5-45 min after MCT. Oral temperature displayed a similar pattern of increase, in contrast to axillary and auricular temperature, and correlated with EBT before and after both of the challenge tests.

Incorporation of PAAc in the prepared hydrogel was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effect of PAAc content on the morphological structure

of the prepared hydrogel swollen selleckchem at pH 1, 5, and 7 was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed the dependence of the porous structure of the prepared hydrogels on AAc content and the pH of the swelling medium. Swelling properties of gelatin/acrylic acid copolymer hydrogels with different AAc contents were investigated at different pH values. Swelling data showed that the prepared hydrogels possessed pronounced pH sensitivity. In vitro release studies were performed to evaluate the hydrogel potential as drug carrier using ketoprofen as a model drug. Experimental data showed that the release profile depends on both hydrogel composition and pH of the releasing medium. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym R406 in vitro Sci 118: 2642-2649, 2010″
“Background: The study examined associations between type of drinking location and alcohol use in a national sample of New Zealand university students.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional web-based survey with random sampling of 17- to 24-year-old undergraduates from six university

campuses in 2005. There were 2548 respondents (response fraction: 63%). Measures included the number of standard drinks (10 g ethanol)

consumed on each day of the preceding see more week in pubs/bars/nightclubs, student flats/houses, residential halls, and ‘other’ locations (e.g., restaurants). We used multilevel regression to test for associations between type of drinking location and consumption per episode, adjusting for student- and episode-level covariates.

Results: Respondents consumed an average of 7.1 drinks (SD 5.2) per drinking day, including 5.4 drinks (SD 4.5) in pubs/bars/nightclubs, flats/houses, and residential halls, and 3.7 drinks (SD 3.4) in other locations. Overall, men drank more per location (mean 8.4, SD 6.3) than did women (mean 6.2, SD 4.0). Multilevel analyses revealed positive associations between the first three location types and drinks per episode relative to other locations when adjusting for student- and episode-level covariates including duration of episode.

Conclusions: Certain drinking locations (i.e., pubs, residential halls, off-campus houses) appear to promote or facilitate heavy alcohol consumption among students. Better enforcement of laws prohibiting service to intoxication should be prioritized to reduce alcohol-related harm among university students. Consideration should be given to strengthening alcohol policies in residential halls and methods for managing heavy drinking in private residences. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The preparation conditions were optimized, especially for four key factors, the cellulose concentration, ratio of the oil phase to the cellulose solution, stirring speed, and addition of tungsten carbide powder. The results showed that the tungsten carbide powder emerged well in the cellulose matrix as an inert densifier. The composite beads had a spherical appearance, a suitable size and size distribution, an appropriate wet density of 1.32-1.68 g/mL, a porosity of 90-96%, a pore radius of 4565 nm, and a specific surface area of 30-42 m(2)/mL. These results show the potential application for

Alvespimycin purchase this EBA process. Compared to the traditional technology with cellulose xanthate viscose, the new method with the IL as the nonderivatizing dissolution solvent is technically feasible, has concise processing, and is environmentally friendly. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Thiazovivin Cell Cycle inhibitor Polym Sci 119: 3453-3461, 2011″
“Leaves within a canopy are exposed to a spatially and temporally fluctuating light environment which may cause lateral gradients in leaf internal CO(2) concentration and diffusion between shaded and illuminated areas. In previous studies it was hypothesized that lateral CO(2) diffusion may support leaf photosynthesis, but the magnitude of this effect is still not well understood.

In the present study homobaric leaves of Vicia faba or heterobaric leaves of Glycine see more max were illuminated with lightflecks of different sizes, mimicking sunflecks. Photosynthetic properties of the lightfleck areas were assessed with combined gas exchange measurements and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Lateral diffusion in homobaric leaves with an interconnected intercellular air space stimulated photosynthesis and the effect was largest in small lightfleck areas, in particular when plants were under drought stress. Such effects were not observed in the heterobaric leaves with strongly compartmented intercellular gas spaces. It is concluded that lateral diffusion may significantly contribute to photosynthesis of lightfleck areas of homobaric leaves depending on lightfleck

size, lateral diffusivity, and stomatal conductance. Since homobaric leaf structures have been reported for many plant species, it is hypothesized that leaf homobary may have an impact on overall plant performance under conditions with a highly heterogeneous light environment.”
“Background: Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of malaria in the West African region. Resistance to multiple insecticides has been recorded in An. gambiae S form in the Ahafo region of Ghana. A laboratory population (GAH) established using wild material from this locality has enabled a mechanistic characterization of each resistance phenotype as well as an analysis of another adaptive characteristic staggered larval time-to-hatch.