For the GxxxG motif Ruxolitinib order region, there is always going to be evidence of phylogenetic signal due to the strongly conserved glycine residues (30.7% identical for GxxxGxxxGxxxG) and there is certainly some conservation in the lengths of the repeats in sequences that are more closely related (Figures 4 and 5). However, the imposed 25% sequence identity cutoff in our data analysis has filtered most of the apparent sequence similarity in the variable regions of the repeat. This can be seen by comparing the similarity between

any two aligned sequences both within the repeat region (Figure 5) and outside of the repeats (see Additional files 1 and 2). For FliH, we calculated correlation coefficients between all possible pairs of amino acids, in all possible combinations of positions in the repeats, and used statistical methods to determine whether certain pairs of amino acids

in specific positions are found together significantly more often than would be expected by chance. We hypothesized that certain pairs of amino acids in nearby positions, such as positions within the same repeat, or in adjacent https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dabrafenib-gsk2118436.html repeats, would be highly correlated, while amino acids in positions farther away from each other would be unlikely to be strongly correlated, and that the correlations are due to selective pressure imposed by structural constraints on the GxxxG motifs. For instance, in α-helices, there is a well known incidence of oppositely charged residues (for example glutamate and lysine) occurring in i, i+4 or i, i+3 pairs, therefore forming stabilizing intra-helical salt bridges, and these are typically not highly conserved interactions. Glycogen branching enzyme Rather they appear to be the result of random mutations and selective pressures to stabilize nearby charged residues within the context of the helical structure. Similar results have been found for pair correlations in β-sheets [37]. Figure 4 Number of FliH sequences having primary repeat segments of different lengths. The number of FliH sequences having primary repeat segments of different

lengths is shown. The number on the x-axis represents only the number of GxxxGs; flanking AxxxGs and GxxxAs were not counted. Figure 5 Multiple alignment of the primary repeat segments from the FliH proteins of different organisms. The primary repeat segments in the FliH proteins were aligned by hand. Only sequences that contained a repeat segment appear in this alignment. Finally, we sought to determine how prevalent long glycine repeats are in other types of proteins not related to FliH, and to identify a protein of known three-dimensional structure that contains a FliH-like repeat segment that is involved in helix-helix dimerization. To address both goals, a large number of protein structures were downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB; http://​www.​rcsb.​org/​pdb).

Hence, there is often a dilemma faced by the health care workers as how much optimization is needed for hip fracture click here surgery. Therefore, an orthopedic surgeon sometimes stands on one’s own, with little more than the basic medical knowledge, to cope with a system that is very unlikely to satisfy an ever growing number of patients. In general, orthopedic surgeons cannot accept sole responsibility for all these very complex problems. Involving multidisciplinary members in the treatment is a clear direction. Geriatricians, cardiologists, and anesthetists

all become stakeholders. Clinical pathways or geriatric fracture programs involving a team of health care professionals from different disciplines have been developed in some centers to ensure prompt and safe management of hip fracture patients. There have also been efforts in establishing a conjoint orthogeriatric service to provide a comprehensive care to these patients in a comanaged manner. Besides comorbidities of the geriatric patients, there are problems

related to the selleck process or the system that delay surgery to these patients. Despite the increasing demand in the treatment of fragility hip fractures, hospital administration and government health organizations in much of the world still turn a blind eye to this trend. Scarce resources are not to be blamed. Better use of existing resources is clearly necessary. The availability of a dedicated operating theater for hip fracture surgery has been shown to be effective [9]. Recently, there have been also encouraging attempts to establish national guidelines for the management of elderly hip fractures, such as the SIGN guidelines [10] and the British Orthopaedic Association guidelines [11]. Monitoring of the process of management of these hip fracture patients by the government or health administration organizations

will no doubt also play a significant Chloroambucil role in ensuring early surgical treatment of these patients. One may argue that this is due to the Hawthorne effect whereby a short-lived increase in productivity is seen when the performance is being measured [12]. On the other hand, as long as early surgery does not conflict with their well-being, elderly hip fracture patients would clearly benefit from such clear directions. Management of osteoporotic fractures has been a priority of the AO Foundation. The initial focus was on concept development of surgical techniques to enable better fixation in osteoporotic bone. What started as a strategic initiative in 2003 has become an integral part of AO’s Clinical Priority Program ‘Fracture Fixation in Osteoporotic Bone’. It provided an opportunity for orthopedic and traumatological experts to meet and work with specialists from internal medicine, anesthesiology, and radiology.

In Figure 4a, it can be observed that the lengths of the CNTs are inhomogenous and the walls are rough without pretreatment. Figure 4b clearly shows the morphology of CNT arrays with pretreatment. Compared with that of Figure 4a, the lengths of CNTs are perfectly uniform

and aligned with a great enhancement of graphitization degree with pretreatment. The brushes based on the CNT arrays with the heat preservation pretreatment may clean the particles better than those without the pretreatment due to their flexibility and recoverability. The reason why heat preservation has so strong effect is that it can change the inner stress distribution of AAO template, thus affect the hole roughness of the AAO template. Figure 4 SEM images of CNTs. (a) Without c-Met inhibitor and (b) with thermal insulation pretreatment. Epoxy resin was adopted as the adhesive of bristles and substrate, because it can avoid corrosion in acid, alkali, and high-temperature atmosphere. In practical applications, brush should combine with different https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html substrates to meet multiple requirements, such as electrical conductivity, survivability, and mechanical properties. So different

micro brushes from the CNT arrays were constructed on the substrate of silicon wafer, glass sheet, and polyimide, respectively. In Figure 5a, we can observe that the three micro brushes have toothbrush-like structures, which enable them to meet different requirements and environments. It is shown that the bristles of micro brush have a fairly uniform height. If the bristles and substrate combine loosely, the external force in RAS p21 protein activator 1 practice will lead to severe shedding of bristles which will reduce the lifetime of use. The adhesive degree of bristles and substrate is showed in Figure 5c. The upper part shows the uniform CNT arrays, namely the bristles. It can be clearly seen that the bristles are firmly embedded in epoxy resin and closely combined with the substrate, which

is of great benefit to the use lifetime of micro brushes. The schematic diagram of micro brush is showed in Figure 6. Figure 5 Photo and SEM images of micro brush. (a) Photo of micro brushes, (b) low magnification SEM image of micro brush, and (c) high-magnification SEM image of micro brush. Figure 6 Schematic diagram of micro brush. The research of micro brushes in cleaning the particles in the smooth plane and narrow space will be very meaningful. Figure 7 shows SEM images of the substrate before and after the brush cleaning. In Figure 7a, the particles are found to be almost cleaned from the surface of silicon wafer. The micro brushes were further used to clean rough surfaces, for example, narrow space between the electrode with the width of 100 and 2 μm, as shown in Figure 7b,c.

“
“Background Owing to their higher catalytic activity, better selectivity, and longer stability than Pd and Pt catalysts, the catalysis of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in liquid-phase reactions has become the subject of increasing interest in recent years [1–15]. It has been proven that smaller

Au NPs show higher catalytic activity as they have much greater surface to volume ratio [16–18]. However, small Au NPs easily aggregate to minimize their surface area, resulting in a remarkable reduction in their catalytic activity [19, 20]. Immobilizing Au NPs onto solid supports to form composite catalysts is regarded as a practical strategy to solve this problem [21–26]. For liquid-phase reactions, the catalysts need to be separated easily from the MK-1775 cell line mixture for recycling. Among various kinds of supports with different nanostructures, porous magnetic composite nanomaterials have aroused considerable attention since they could satisfy two requirements simultaneously: high surface area and facile recycle [22–24, 27–31]. The high surface area comes from the hierarchically porous structure which provides enough exposure of the composite catalysts to the reactants. The facile recyclability results from the magnetic nature of the composite

catalysts, Gemcitabine research buy which enables fast separation of the solid catalysts from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet. Several strategies have been developed to immobilize Au NPs onto/into the magnetic composite supports [27–35]. Generally, Au NPs are pre-synthesized and then incorporated into the modified supports. Ge et al. reported the synthesis of a nanostructured hierarchical composite composed of a central magnetite/silica composite core and many small satellite silica spheres [6]. Au NPs were immobilized on the silica satellites through gold-amine complexation. The obtained supported gold catalysts showed fast magnetic separation ability and high catalytic activity for 4-nitrophenol reduction. Deng et al. deposited Au NPs onto modified Fe3O4@SiO2 microspheres followed by a surfactant-assembly sol-gel process and synthesized multifunctional Fe3O4@SiO2-Au@mSiO2

microspheres with well-defined core-shell nanostructures, confined catalytic Au NPs, and accessible ordered mesopore channels [7]. However, most of these methods are tedious and time-consuming. Recently, Zheng et DOK2 al. successfully developed an approach to in situ load Au NPs on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic spheres [8]. After the Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles were firstly prepared, AuCl4 – was introduced to the surface and then reduced by Sn2+ species that were linked to the surface of the Fe3O4@SiO2 precursor. The synthesis step and the reaction cost were remarkably decreased. Despite of these researches, in situ fabrication is limited [25, 36–39], and it is still a challenge to develop an efficient and facile method to immobilize Au NPs in solid magnetic supports without compromising the catalytic activity.

Correct use of Easyhaler® was achieved

with just one demonstration in 77 % of the asthma patients and 72 % of the patients with https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD2281(Olaparib).html COPD. In relation to age, the correct use of Easyhaler® was achieved with one demonstration in 64 % of the children, 76 % of the adolescents, 78 % of the adults and 70 % of the elderly. Teaching was reported to be hard in one child, one adult and three elderly patients. In 13 % of the patients, teaching was considered not easy but not hard, i.e. Table 3 The correct performance of Easyhaler® administration steps in the percentage of adults and elderly patients with Z-VAD-FMK manufacturer asthma or COPD (study A)   Adults (n = 574) Elderly (n = 214) Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 3 Manoeuvres  Take off the cap   No 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.4   Yes 98.4 98.8 98.9 98.6 98.6 98.6  Shake the inhaler   No 8.3 2.3 1.2 11.5 3.3 1.9   Yes 91.7 97.7 98.8 88.5 96.7 98.1  Click   No 3.2 1.9 1.4 4.3 1.4 2.4   Yes 96.8 98.1 98.6 95.7 98.6 97.6  Inhale   No 7.3 1.9 0.9 12.7 4.7 4.3   Yes 92.7 98.1 99.1 87.3 95.3 95.7

 Repeat if needed   No 6.0 4.8 4.6 8.2 4.3 5.8   Yes 94.0 95.2 95.4 91.8 95.7 94.2  Put on the cap   No 3.4 2.8 2.3 5.7 1.9 2.9   Yes 96.6 97.2 97.7 94.3 98.1 97.1 All steps correct  No 22.5 10.8 9.8 29.8 11.2 11.6  Yes 77.5 89.2 90.2 70.2 88.8 88.4 COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Table 4 The correct performance of Easyhaler® administration steps in the percentage of children and adolescents with asthma (study B)   Children (n = 139) Adolescents (n = 80) Visit 1 Visit 2 Visit 1 Visit 2 Manoeuvres  Take

off the cap   No 4.3 2.9 3.8 0   Yes 95.7 97.1 96.3 100  Shake Ureohydrolase the inhaler   No 19.4 5.8 17.5 1.3   Yes 80.6 94.2 82.5 98.8  Click   No 6.5 2.2 1.3 0   Yes 93.5 97.8 98.8 100  Inhale   No 14.6 7.2 17.5 1.3   Yes 85.4 92.8 82.5 98.8  Repeat if needed   No 8.6 7.2 6.3 5.0   Yes 91.4 92.8 93.8 95.0  Put on the cap   No 4.3 5.0 1.3 6.3   Yes 95.7 95.0 98.8 93.8 All steps correct  No 38.1 16.5 35.0 11.3  Yes 61.9 83.5 65.0 88.8 5.2 Patients’ Opinion About How Easy it was to Learn the Correct Use of Easyhaler® Patients’ opinion about how easy it was to learn the correct use of Easyhaler® is shown in Table 5.

Science 322:225–231PubMedCrossRef Short J, Smith AP (1994) Mammal decline and recovery in Australia. J Mammal 75:288–297CrossRef Short J, Bradshaw SD, Giles J, Prince RIT, Wilson GR (1992) Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea) in Australia—a review. Biol Conserv 62:189–204CrossRef Tilman D, May RM, Lehman CL, Nowak MA (1994) Habitat destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371:65–66CrossRef Vie J-C, Hilton-Taylor C, Stuart SN (2009) Wildlife in a changing world—an analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN, Gland”
“Introduction Agricultural intensification is one of the most influential drivers of biodiversity

loss all over Europe (e.g. Donald et al. 2001; Tscharntke et al. 2005; Ellenberg

and Leuschner 2010). Since the 1950s, agriculture has been intensified through increasing application of fertilisers and pesticides, and the widespread drainage selleck kinase inhibitor of groundwater-influenced habitats (Schmidt 1990; Ihse 1995; Treweek et al. 1997; Benton et al. 2003). In former West Germany, the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has led to large-scale land use changes in the past decades (Bignal and McCracken 2000; Henle et al. 2008). Intensification campaigns followed in East Germany with a delay of about one decade (Bauerkämper 2004). Despite the differences caused by the contrasting political systems, in both former German states, landscape composition and structure has changed tremendously as a result of intensification

(Weiger 1990; Kienast buy Sirolimus 1993; Hundt 2001). Grasslands are among the habitat types most severely affected by changes (Treweek et al. 1997; Joyce and Wade 1998; Norderhaug et al. 2000; Hundt 2001; Hodgson et al. 2005; Prach 2008). A considerable part of the managed grassland that was present in the 1950s, has been transformed to cropland, afforested or used Thalidomide for construction purposes (Riecken et al. 2006; Walz 2008). Even within the short time since 2003, the area of permanently managed grassland in Germany declined by 3.1%, and the remaining sites became increasingly fragmented (Lind et al. 2009). Consequently, species-rich wet and mesic meadows belong today to the most threatened grassland types in Central Europe (Bergmeier and Nowak 1988; Dierßen et al. 1988; Dierschke and Briemle 2002; Riecken et al. 2006). While drainage and subsequent lowering of the groundwater table are the main causes for the loss of wet meadows (Rosenthal and Hölzel 2009; Prajs and Antkowiak 2010), application of fertilisers and increasing mowing frequency are key drivers of biodiversity loss in both wet and mesic meadows (Grevilliot et al. 1998; Jannsens et al. 1998; Härdtle et al. 2006). Habitat fragmentation is another consequence of agricultural intensification that has important implications for biodiversity (Jaeger 2000; Henle et al. 2004; Lindborg and Eriksson 2004; Piessens et al.

Composite transposons like Tn5 have two full insertion sequence ZD1839 purchase (IS) elements at their termini; both of IS sequences are similar but not identical bracketed by 19-bp ESs known as inside (IE) and outside (OE) end, which are specifically bound

by the transposase [6]. In its natural context, TnpA can bind the OE and IE of IS50s and promote transposition of only one insertion sequence. Alternatively, the same protein can bind the outer OEs of the whole transposon and provoke transposition of the entire Tn5 [6, 24]. Instead of such natural arrangement, we flanked the mini-transposon part of pBAM1 with the optimized and hyperactive 19-bp mosaic sequence (ME) previously characterized [25]. These were designated ME-I and ME-O to determine the orientation within the plasmid frame, but are identical in sequence. Note that the external borders of both MEs were endowed with unique PvuII restriction sites (Figure 2), thereby allowing the excision of the mini-transposon as a linear, blunt-ended DNA which can be combined with a purified transposase to form a transposome for its in vivo [26] or in vitro [22] delivery to a target DNA. Figure 2 Structural organization of standard mini-transposon modules. (A) Mini-Tn5 Km. Details of relevant restriction enzymes within the module are shown. The fusion selleck chemical of ME-I and

ME-O sequences with the plasmid DNA backbone generated PvuII restriction sites that bracket the mobile segment. The red arrow indicates the position of the promoter of the Km resistance gene. MCS: multiple-cloning-site. (B) mini-Tn5GFPKm. Schematic representation of the main features of this version of the mini-transposon engineered in the pBAM1 backbone, containing the GFP gene lacking leading sequences and thus able to produce protein fusions upon chromosomal insertions in the right direction and frame. The Km resistance cassette is identical to that of the mini-Tn5Km of pBAM1. Although a large number of useful sequences can be placed

between ME-I and ME-O, the mini-transposon carried by pBAM1 carries a Km resistance gene (neo) from Tn903 as a default selection marker, Protein tyrosine phosphatase as well as what we call a cargo site containing a polylinker for general cloning purposes. As before, the natural neo sequence (GenBank: V00359; [27] was edited to improve codon usage and to eliminate the naturally occurring SmaI and HindIII sites at positions 306 and 550 respectively from the start codon of the neo gene. The resistance gene was expressed through its natural, broad host range promoter, which spans 81 bp upstream of the start codon of the neo gene, the entire KmR cassette being bracketed by terminal AatII and SanDI restriction sites. These anchor the neo gene within the transposable segment of pBAM1 and allow its replacement when required by other selectable markers.

,—the distribution of animals and plants, and their mutual affinities within the same region,—their general geological succession, and the close relationship of the fossils in closely consecutive formations and within the same country; extinct marsupials having preceded living marsupials in Australia, and armadillo-like animals having preceded and generated armadilloes in South America,—and many other phenomena, such as the gradual extinction of old forms

and their gradual replacement by new forms better fitted for their new conditions in the struggle for life. When the advocate of Heterogeny can thus connect PD-0332991 order large classes of facts, and not until then, he will have respectful and patient listeners. Dr. Carpenter seems to think that the fact of Foraminifera not having advanced in organization from an extremely remote epoch to the present day is a strong objection to the views maintained by me. But this objection is grounded on the belief—the prevalence of which seems due to the well-known doctrine of Lamarck—that

there is some necessary law of advancement, against which view I have often protested. Animals may even become degraded, if their simplified structure remains well fitted for their habits www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html of life, as we see in certain parasitic crustaceans. I have attempted to show (Origin, 3rd edit. p. 135) that lowly-organized animals are best fitted for humble places in the economy of nature; that an infusorial animalcule or an intestinal worm, for instance, Amrubicin would not be benefited by acquiring a highly

complex structure. Therefore, it does not seem to me an objection of any force that certain groups of animals, such as the Foraminifera, have not advanced in organization. Why certain whole classes, or certain numbers of a class, have advanced and others have not, we cannot even conjecture. But as we do not know under what forms or how life originated in this world, it would be rash to assert that even such lowly endowed animals as the Foraminifera, with their beautiful shells as figured by Dr. Carpenter, have not in any degree advanced in organization. So little do we know of the conditions of life all around us, that we cannot say why one native weed or insect swarms in numbers, and another closely allied weed or insect is rare. Is it then possible that we should understand why one group of beings has risen in the scale of life during the long lapse of time, and another group has remained stationary? Sir C.

p.i. with higher loads of murinised Lmo-InlA-mur-lux bacteria, these differences were not further detectable at 5 and 7 days p.i.. We therefore conclude that at least in our infection system, InlA-Cdh1 Epigenetics inhibitor interactions do not play a role in the dissemination of L. monocytogenes to the brain. Moreover, even in different mouse genetic backgrounds no evidence for InlA-mediated CNS infection was found. Table 1 Neurological symptoms in mouse inbred strains after oral infection with Lmo-InlA-mur-lux and

Lmo-EGD-lux L. monocytogenes strain Mouse inbred strain Total number of mice infected Number of mice displaying neurological abnormalities Symptoms occurrence time post infection [days] Lmo-InlA-mur-lux C3HeB/FeJ 40 0     A/J OlaHsd 30 1 7   BALB/cJ 30 0     C57BL/6J 30 1 7     ∑ 130 ∑ 2   Lmo-EGD-lux C3HeB/FeJ 40 0     A/J OlaHsd 40 0     BALB/cJ 40 1 7   C57BL/6J OTX015 purchase 40 0       ∑ 160 ∑ 1   Discussion In vivo bioluminescence imaging is an important technology for the spatial-temporal monitoring of infection processes that underlie microbial pathogenesis and host defence mechanisms [30, 36]. Importantly, BLI allows repeated non-invasive imaging of pathogen dissemination to target organs and was used to identify the murine gallbladder as a novel

organ of infection and as a host reservoir for extracellular Listeria replication and pathogen shedding [19, 37]. In the present study, we have combined an InlA and Roflumilast InlB permissive mouse infection model of L. monocytogenes[12] with BLI, bacterial growth, and histopathology. We accurately compared resistance of mouse strains of different genetic backgrounds to orally acquired murinised and non-murinised Listeria. We identified the C3HeB/FeJ, A/J, and BALB/cJ strains as being susceptible to oral L. monocytogenes challenge whereas C57BL/6J mice were resistant. BLI analysis was more sensitive than bacterial culture or histopathology at detecting differences in pathogenesis between the murinised and non-murinised Listeria strains, and demonstrated that in the susceptible mouse inbred

strains Lmo-InlA-mur-lux spread to internal organs more quickly and in higher numbers when compared to Lmo-EGD-lux infected animals. Thus, murinised Listeria can efficiently be used with mice of different genetic backgrounds for studies on mechanisms of orally acquired listeriosis. Importantly, once the intestinal barrier has been overcome by the pathogen, patterns of L. monocytogenes host resistance that have been previously determined by using systemic infection models are very similar to those that were observed in our present study. C57BL/6J mice are resistant to both oral and intravenous L. monocytogenes infection challenge, whereas C3HeB/FeJ, A/J and BALB/cJ mice are highly susceptible in both mouse infection models [38–42]. We show here that the host resistance of C57BL/6J mice to intragastric L.

The PCR product was cut with BamHI and HindIII and cloned into the plasmid pSP72 (Promega, Madison, WI) which had been cut with the same enzymes, transformed into DH5α, and selected for bright blue

colonies on LB-amp plates containing 40 μg/ml Selleckchem Pexidartinib X-gal. The plasmid was subsequently transformed to the restriction minus methylation plus strain YS501 before transforming other Salmonella strains. β-gal assays were performed according to the instructions for the Galacto-Star™ chemiluminescent reporter gene assay system (Applied Biosystems, Bedford, Massachusetts). Briefly, 1 ml of bacterial culture expressing β-gal from pSP72lacZ was pelleted at 13,000 × g for 5 min. Supernatants were filtered through a 0.2 μm syringe filter and then assayed immediately or frozen at -80°C until assayed with no further processing. Cell pellets were quickly freeze-thawed and suspended in 50 μl or 200 μl B-PER™ bacterial cell lysis reagent (Pierce Chemical) containing PD-1 inhibitor 10 mg/ml lysozyme (Sigma). Bacteria were allowed to lyse for 10–20 min. at room temperature and were then placed on ice. All reagents and samples were allowed to adjust to room temperature before use. Filtered supernatants and bacterial lysates were diluted as needed in Galacto-Star™ Lysis Solution or assayed directly.

β-gal standard curves were made by preparing recombinant β-gal (Sigma, 600 units/mg) to 4.3 mg/ml stock concentration in 1× PBS. The stock was diluted in Lysis Solution to

prepare a standard curve of 100 ng/ml- 0.05 ng/ml in doubling dilutions. 20 μl of standard or sample was added to each well of a 96-well tissue culture plate. 100 μl of Galacto-Star™ Subtrate, diluted 1:50 in Reaction Buffer Diluent, was added to each well and the plate rotated gently to mix. The plate was incubated for 90 minutes at 25°C in the dark and then read for 1 second/well in an L-max™ plate luminometer (Molecular Devices). Sample light units/ml were compared to the standard curve and values converted to units β-gal/ml. Percent release of β-gal was determined by dividing units/ml supernatant by total units/ml (units/ml supernatant + units/ml pellet). All samples were assayed in triplicate. Acknowledgements We wish to thank the reviewers Depsipeptide supplier for helpful suggestions, and Diana Downs and Eugenio I. Vivas (University of Wisconsin, Madison) for expeditiously providing gnd mutants. This work was supported by Vion Pharmaceuticals, New Haven, CT. SRM was supported by NIH Grant 1SC2 GM084860-01. DB thanks Caroline Clairmont for informing him of the plating results at the NCI. References 1. Nikaido H: Outer membrane. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: Cellular and molecular biology (Edited by: Neidhardt F, Curtiss R, Ingraham J, Lin ECC, Low KB, Magasanik B, Reznikoff M, Riley M, Schaechter M, Umbager HE). Washington D.C.: ASM Press 1996, 29–47. 2.