Variables with positively skewed distributions were transformed to natural logarithms before further statistical analysis. Regression analysis of data from the LC children was used to assess the relationships between age (as a continuous variable) and sex with each variable (anthropometric, biochemical or dietary). Sex was not a significant this website factor in predicting any of the variables with the exception of creatinine, and therefore was not included in the models presented in this paper. However, 25OHD, iCa, P, FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D, PTH, Cys C, Cr and albumin were influenced by age. Age-adjustments were

therefore included for these variables. To adjust for age in linear regression, age was added as an independent variable in all models. Standard deviation scores (SDS) were calculated for

all variables to enable age-adjusted comparisons to be made between RFU and LC children. As the data from RFU and LC children were collected at the similar time of year, the SDS were, by definition, adjusted for season. SDS INCB024360 concentration was calculated in the following way: [(value RFU − meanLC) / SDLC] within the specific age bands as indicated in Local community children (LC children). Group differences between RFU and LC children were determined by 2-sample Student’s t-tests using SDS values. This method allowed for the small sample size of LC children in each age band and therefore was a more conservative estimate of the significance of group differences than considering the significance of the deviation of the SDS of RFU children from zero. The sample size of 35 RFU and 30 LC children, meant that the study was able to detect significant group differences in SDS of approximately 0.66 SD (two thirds of

a standard deviation) or greater, at p ≤ 0.05 with 80% power. TCa was corrected for albumin (corr-Ca) by normalising to an albumin concentration of 36 g/l using a correction factor of 0.016 mmol TCa/g albumin. This correction factor was calculated from the slope of the relationship between TCa and albumin in LC children [12]. Urinary excretion and clearance data were corrected for age-appropriate body surface area (BSAage). BSA was calculated using Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II the Mosteller formula BSA = √((ht (cm) × wt (kg)) / 3600) m2[13] and then corrected to the age-appropriate mean BSA for each LC AG (AG1: 0.81 (0.12) m2, AG2: 1.16 (0.17) m2, AG3: 1.38 (0.16) m2). As no difference was found between BSAage when calculated with standing height or sitting height, standing height was used for all BSAage adjustments. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ml/min), was derived in four ways from equations which use plasma Cys C and/or plasma Cr as markers. The Cys C based equations include: 1) Cys C-eGFR = [74.835 / (Cys C(mg/l)1/0.75)] ml/min [14] and 2) Counahn–Barret ( C-B-eGFR) = [39.1 [ht (m) / Cr (mg/dl)]0.516 × [1.8 / Cys C (mg/l)]0.294[30 / urea (mg/dl)]0.169 × [1.099]male [ht (m) / 1.4]0.188] [15].