To normalize mineral homeostasis in VDR∆/∆ and Kl−/−/VDR∆/∆ mice [11], all genotypes were fed a rescue diet (Ssniff, Soest, Germany) which contained 2.0% calcium, 1.25% phosphorus, 20% lactose and 600 IU vitamin D/kg, starting from 16 days of age. Kidney cryosections were prepared from snap-frozen tissues. Proximal and distal tubules were harvested using a Veritas (Arcturus) LCM system. RNA was extracted using the PicoPure RNA isolation kit (Qiagen). RNA purity and integrity were determined with a bioanalyzer (Agilent). Reverse transcription was performed using iScript™ cDNA Synthesis Kit (Bio-Rad). Real-time

PCR was performed in duplicate on a Rotor-Gene™ 6000 cycler (Corbett Life Science) using QuantiFast™ SYBR® Green PCR Kit (Qiagen). RT-minus samples served as a control to exclude amplification from genomic DNA, learn more and amplicon melting analysis was performed to exclude primer dimerization and unspecific amplification. β2‐Microglobulin was used as house-keeping gene for normalization of the mRNA expression data. N-fold change in gene expression

was calculated using the Pfaffl model [12]. Primary mouse proximal tubular epithelial cells were isolated from C57BL/6 mice according to previously established protocols by collagenase digestion and density gradient centrifugation, selleckchem and cultured in serum-free, hormonally defined culture medium [13] and [14]. Purity of proximal tubular cells was examined by qRT-PCR analysis of calbindin D28k, transient receptor potential vanilloid-5 (TRPV5),

and NaPi2a mRNA. Renal proximal tubules were isolated as reported previously [15], [16] and [17]. In brief, murine kidneys were perfused with sterile culture medium (Ham’s F12; GIBCO) containing 1 mg/ml collagenase (type II; Sigma) and 1 mg/ml pronase E (type XXV, Sigma) at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The cortical tissue was dissected in small pieces and placed at 37 °C in sterile Ham’s F12 medium containing 0.5 mg/ml collagenase II and 0.5 mg/ml pronase E for 15 min with vigorous shaking. After centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 4 min, the enzyme-containing solution was removed, and Exoribonuclease tubules were resuspended in ice-cold medium containing 1% antibiotic/antimycotic and placed on ice. Individual proximal tubule segments were identified based on morphology in a dissection microscope at × 25–40 magnification by their appearance and dimensions. In vitro experiments with cultured proximal tubular cells and dissected tubular segments were performed in serum-free, hormonally defined culture medium at 37 °C in 5% CO2 [13] and [14]. Proximal tubular cells were incubated with 1–100 ng/ml of recombinant human FGF23 R176/179Q (rFGF23) [18] for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h.