The results showed that M. indicus was able to utilize almost all the glucose and fructose within 48 h, whereas the maximum ethanol yield (0.48 g produced ethanol/g consumed sugars) was achieved by FSSF at 32 degrees C, 80% moisture, and particle size of https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ly3039478.html 20-80

mesh with 5 g/L fungal biomass concentration. Moreover, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the stalk glucan (10, 25, and 50 g/L) was performed at 32, 35, and 37 degrees C with different cellulase and beta-glucosidase enzymes loading for 48 h. In the best case, 85.6% of ethanol yield was achieved when 50g glucan/L was saccharified using 15 FPU cellulase and 30 IU beta-glucosidase per gram glucan and simultaneously fermented to ethanol at 37 degrees C for 48 h. The results indicated that the FSSF acted as a pretreatment stage and assisted the subsequent simultaneous saccharification

and fermentation process of the residual check details solid, resulted in up to 4.3 times improvement in the ethanol production yield. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Aim:

To investigate human granulosa luteinized cells as a local source of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and its relationship to cell viability, development of preovulatory follicles and fertilization rate of oocytes.

Material and Methods:

Indirect immunofluorescent technique, proANP kit, 4’6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-DNA staining and Caspase-3 activity assay were used to examine

localization patterns, concentrations in selleck chemicals llc follicular fluids (FFl) and antiapoptotic role of ANP, respectively.

Results:

ANP is expressed on granulosa cells with membrane, submembrane and specific granular cytoplasmic localization. Significant differences in the mean concentrations of ANP in FFl and in the mean levels of apoptotic human granulosa luteinized cells (GLC) were found between women with high and low immunoreactive ANP expression (P < 0.05). Concentrations of ANP correlated inversely and significantly with the percentage of apoptotic GLC isolated from the same women (r = -0.2645; P < 0.05). Enhanced in vitro production of ANP by granulosa cells (after sodium nitroproside and 2Bu-cGMP treatment), as well as after treatment with human recombinant ANP was associated with significant suppression of Caspase-3 activity compared to control cells (P < 0.05). Concentrations of ANP in FFl correlated positively and significantly with the number of punctured follicles and oocytes retrieved (r = 0.44716, r = 0.57854; P < 0.05) and with the fertilization rate of oocytes in vitro (r = 0.59773; P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Human granulosa luteinized cells are a local source of ANP in the preovulatory human follicle, which acts as a survival factor through cGMP signaling, and its levels in follicular fluids are positively associated with the number of punctured follicles, isolated oocytes and their fertilizability in vitro.