Malassezia furfur, M. globosa, M. sympodialis and M. slooffiae are the main causative agents associated with the development of SD. It is observed in 3–5% of the general population and is more frequent in men than in women.11 The incidence of SD, however, is much higher in immunocompromised individuals, especially in those with AIDS, ranging from 30% to 80% in different series.20,40–43 In a retrospective and a prospective study conducted simultaneously in the same department in 147 patients with HIV, an incidence for SD of 4.7% and 16.7%

respectively was reported.44 A similar high prevalence of SD has been observed in patients under treatment for carcinomas of the upper respiratory and digestive tracts.45 Seborrhoeic dermatitis represents Copanlisib solubility dmso a chronic, frequently relapsing skin disorder characterised by greasy scaly reddish patches with predilection of sebum-rich areas.32 Lesions of SD occur primarily on the eyebrows, nasolabial folds, cheeks and interscapular region. In immunocompetent selleck chemicals llc individuals, SD generally begins after puberty and becomes chronic with frequent flares, often relapsing or exacerbated in stress. In AIDS patients, the

condition may be much more severe and refractory to topic therapy than in non-immunocompromised patients (Fig. 2).46,47 The increased incidence of SD in immunosuppressed hosts, such as HIV infected patients, suggests that altered immune response plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Both cellular immunity and humoral immunity have been investigated with conflicting results. Recent reports suggest that in HIV-infected patients, the onset of seborrhoeic dermatitis is often an early sign

of CD4 T-lymphocyte cell suppression.48–50 Topical treatment with imidazoles and low dose corticosteroids is usually effective in the treatment of SD. Oral treatment with fluconazole or itraconazole may be indicated in immunocompromised patients and are appropriate in those not responding to topical treatments.32 Information about Malassezia fungaemia and invasive disease is limited. A overwhelming majority of invasive infections reported in the literature have been associated with M. furfur and M. pachydermatis. Malassezia furfur, an obligatory lipophilic yeast and a common saprophyte in humans, has been described predominantly in conjunction with nosocomial outbreaks clonidine in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and sporadically in severely immunocompromised patients. Malassezia pachydermatis, in contrast, a zoophilic yeast associated with otitis externa and seborrhoic dermatitis in dogs, is only occasionally isolated from human skin, but has been implicated in nosocomial infections in hospitalised severely ill neonates.21,22 The first case of Malassezia spp. as a pathogen in bloodstream infection and sepsis was reported in 1981 by Redline et al.; these authors reported a case of Malassezia pulmonary vasculitis in an infant receiving total parenteral nutrition via an indwelling central venous catheter.