, 2008) Because cloxacillin is an inhibitor

of AmpC-like

, 2008). Because cloxacillin is an inhibitor

of AmpC-like enzymes, and amoxicillin and clavulanic acid are inducers of inducible AmpCs (Livermore, 1995), this test may also provide information about the AmpC expression and its mode (Drieux et al., 2008). Crude bacterial extracts were subjected to isoelectric focusing (IEF) and to a bioassay for the detection of enzymes with cefotaxime- or ceftazidime-hydrolyzing activity (Fiett et al., 2000). Plasmid DNA, purified using a NucleoBond® Xtra Midi kit (Machery-Nagel, Duren, Germany), was used for PCR and sequencing of blaSHV genes (Fiett et al., 2000). The multiplex PCR for acquired ampC-type genes was performed as described by Pérez-Pérez & Hanson (2002), followed by PCR and sequencing Selleck CYC202 of entire blaDHA genes (Verdet et al., 2006). Typing by the

pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed as described previously (Fiett et al., 2000) using the XbaI restriction enzyme (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania); banding patterns were interpreted according to Tenover et al. (1995). PFGE subtypes were distinguished when differences of 1–3 bands were observed between the patterns. All of the isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST) as described by Diancourt et al. (2005). The database available at http://www.pasteur.fr was used for assigning sequence types (STs). The genetic context of the blaDHA-1 gene Navitoclax price was analyzed by PCR mapping (Verdet et al., 2006), followed by separate amplification and sequencing of integronic gene cassettes. Major outer membrane proteins were purified using the rapid procedure with sodium N-lauryl sarkosinate and electrophoresed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE; 12.5% separating gels) (Kaczmarek et al., 2006). The analysis was completed by a Western blot with polyclonal antibodies against OmpK35 and OmpK36 major porins (Doménech-Sánchez et al., 2003). The PCR amplification of ompK35 and ompK36 genes was carried out according to Kaczmarek et al. (2006). The ompK36 gene was also analyzed with

alternative primers, OmpK36-F (5′-GTCCCTCCTGGTACCGGCTC-3′) and OmpK36-R (5′-TGCCAGACGAGTCCATGCCT-3′). PCR products corresponding to the two www.selleck.co.jp/products/Fasudil-HCl(HA-1077).html omp genes were sequenced. The expression of ompK35 and ompK36 genes was analyzed by RT-PCR. Total mRNA was purified using the Aurum Total RNA 96 kit with a DNA hydrolysis step (Bio-Rad, Prague, Czech Republic). The AgPath-ID™ One-Step RT-PCR kit (Applied Biosystems, Prague, Czech Republic) was used for RT-PCR according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The analysis was performed with the primers: OmpK35-F (5′-GTGGTGATCCCTGCCCTGCT-3′) and OmpK35-R (5′-CCACTGGCCGTAGCCGATCA-3′), and OmpK36-F and OmpK36-R, and with TaqMan probes: OmpK35 [5′-(FAM)-TCGGCGAGCACGTCTGGACCACCAAT-(BHQ)-3′] and OmpK36 [5′-(FAM)-CGTCGACGGCGACCAGACCTACAT-(BHQ)-3′], respectively.

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