To simulate the use of HBO therapy in a human case (7), we used a mouse footpad infection model and followed the local changes in two indices of Daporinad concentration severity of infection, namely, the degree of swelling and the content of viable

bacteria. The results clearly showed that HBO treatment at 2 atm rapidly improved the former index (Fig. 1a) and reduced the latter (Fig. 1b). These findings indicate that HBO therapy might be effective against V. vulnificus infection in humans. The above observations prompted us to determine whether HBO is bactericidal against V. vulnificus in vitro. When we placed agar plates seeded with bacterial cells under HBO at 3 atm, V. vulnificus, but not E. coli (used as a standard of comparison), progressively lost

colony-forming ability as revealed by subsequent incubation of the plates in ambient air (Fig. 2a). Incidentally, while HBO did not affect the ability of E. coli cells to form colonies upon subsequent incubation in air, it did prevent their colony formation in its presence. Thus, while HBO was merely bacteriostatic to E. coli, it was clearly bactericidal to V. vulnificus. Additionally, we detected no strain difference in the bactericidal effect of HBO when we tested two other strains of V. vulnificus, 371 and 374 (data no shown). We also studied the effect of pressure. The magnitude of HBO-induced killing on V. vulnificus was significantly reduced at a pressure of 2 atm, and weak but still discernible at 1 atm. We also confirmed that oxygen, not the increased pressure per se, was essential for the bactericidal Selumetinib price action: pure N2 was not even bacteriostatic under a pressure of 3 atm (Fig. 2b).

Our observations described above strongly suggest the involvement of ROS in the HBO-induced killing of V. vulnificus. To verify this possibility, we looked at the effect of H2O2, a representative ROS compound. The results demonstrated that this was likely: the cells of V. vulnificus were killed more rapidly by H2O2 than were those of E. coli (Fig. 2c). These results raised the possibility that V. vulnificus is defective in its ability to inactivate ROS. Hence, we compared V. vulnificus and E. coli for activity of representative ROS-inactivating enzymes in crude cell extracts prepared from untreated and HBO-treated Amisulpride cells. We found that the activities of the three enzymes examined, catalase and NADH peroxidase activity in particular, were considerably lower in V. vulnificus than in E. coli in both untreated and HBO-treated cells. Although HBO caused significant induction of SOD activity in both species, its extent was considerably lower in V. vulnificus than in E. coli (Fig. 3). Thus, the possibility remained that these differences in enzyme activity could be responsible, at least in part, for the difference in ROS sensitivity between the two species.