This kit provides expression profiles of 84 genes representative of the six biological pathways involved in transformation and tumourigenesis. Quantitative PCR was performed using a 7300 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, signaling pathway Foster City, CA, USA), and threshold cycle numbers were determined using RQ Study Software (Applied Biosystems). Reactions were performed in duplicate, and the threshold cycle numbers were averaged. The 50-μl reaction mixtures contained 25 μl of Platinum® SYBR Green Quantitative PCR SuperMix-UDG (Invitrogen™ Life Technologies, Alameda, CA, USA)

and 100 ng of cDNA. The reactions were cycled with preliminary UDG treatment for 2 min at 50 °C and denatured for 2 min at 95 °C, followed by 45 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 15 s, annealing for 15 s, and primer extension at 72 °C for 15 s. This was followed by a melting point analysis of the double-stranded amplicons consisting of 40 cycles with a 1 °C decrement (15 s each), beginning at 95 °C. The data were analysed using web-based PCR data analysis (SABiosciences) and normalised against the expression of each tested

gene in control cells. Values are expressed as arithmetic means. The statistical significance of the differences between the groups was analysed using the Tukey test. Differences were considered significant when P < 0.05. Various Selleckchem Venetoclax methods have been developed to characterise the total antioxidant capacity of biological fluids and natural products. One such method, the semi-automated ORAC protocol developed by Cao et al. (1996), has been extensively utilised in the field of antioxidant activity and oxidative

stress. Table 1 describes the antioxidant capacities of the samples Thiamine-diphosphate kinase (EGCG and green tea extract) before and after tannase treatment, as determined by the ORAC-FL and DPPH methods. For the ORAC assays, the linearity between the net AUC and the sample concentrations was determined for all compounds (Table 1). For each sample, the solutions with concentrations within the linearity range resulted in the same ORAC-FL values. As described previously by Macedo et al., 2011, the results of the ORAC analyses (Table 1) indicate that the antioxidant capacity of the tea increased after tannase treatment. The tannase hydrolysed the substrates contained in the tea on the same way of it did to the pure EGCG standard, and the products of hydrolysis apparently contributed to the observed increase in the tea’s antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity of the green tea sample increased by 55% after enzymatic treatment. Similarly, biotransformation increased the antioxidant activity of the commercial EGCG by 46%. These results indicate that the tannase from P. variotii was able to hydrolyse the ester bonds of natural substrates.