This selleck compound has led to a rise in H. pylori-negative PUD [21]. Meta-analysis of currently available studies shows an overall decline of both incidence and prevalence of PUD [21]. Current population-based incidences of PUD diagnoses range between 100/100.000 and 190/100.000 per year in Western countries, and current population-based prevalences range between 120/100.000 and 4700/100.000.

The prevalence of PUD in endoscopic series was reported in three large series, ranging from 5 to 16% of patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy [21]. Remarkably, data on epidemiology of PUD in Asian countries are lacking. In contrast to the clear declining incidence of PUD, available data on the incidence of PUD complications are conflicting. Some studies have shown a stable rate of hospitalizations for complicated PUD [22–24], whereas others showed a decreasing incidence of complications, probably because Selleck Carfilzomib of widespread use of proton-pump

inhibitors [25,26]. The most common complication of PUD is bleeding. This occurs in about 10–20% of patients with H. pylori-associated PUD and is the most common cause of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding of peptic ulcer is a complication with major morbidity and mortality. As the risk for recurrent PUD bleeding is high, adequate management should include identification of the etiology of the ulcer, followed by proper targeted treatment. A recent international consensus therefore strongly recommended to always test patients with peptic ulcer bleeding for H. pylori infection [27]. H. pylori-positive patients need eradication therapy followed by testing to confirm eradication [27]. A negative H. pylori test in the acute setting should be repeated during follow-up,

as the negative predictive value of H. pylori tests is low in this situation [27]. Testing for H. pylori should also be performed in patients with PUD bleeding while taking NSAIDs or aspirin. Guidelines advise to manage all etiologic factors contributing to PUD bleeding, and give adequate selleck inhibitor gastroprotection to those cases who require continuation of the NSAID or aspirin [27]. A recent randomized trial showed that H. pylori eradication in NSAID users was associated with healing of gastritis despite continued NSAID use [28]. A recent randomized trial in 156 patients at high risk for secondary cardiovascular complications comparing early versus late continuation of aspirin after PUD bleeding showed that early aspirin continuation during PPI gastroprotection was associated with a higher risk of rebleeding, but a lower risk of mortality because of the reduction in cardiovascular events [29]. Finally, recent research in this area has led to the identification of larger numbers of patients with idiopathic, H. pylori-negative, aspirin and NSAID-negative PUD. A cohort study of 333 patients with PUD bleeding showed that H.