These results suggest that cross-over fatigue is able to disturb postural control after both stimulated and voluntary

contractions. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan buy Ferrostatin-1 Neuroscience Society. All rights reserved.”
“Many data demonstrate that the regulation of the bending polarity of the “”9+2″” axoneme is supported by the curvature itself, making the internal constraints central in this process, adjusting either the physical characteristics of the machinery or the activity of the enzymes involved in different pathways Among them, the very integrated Geometric Clutch model founds this regulation on the convenient adjustments of the probability of interaction between the dynein arms and the beta-tubulin monomers of the outer doublet pairs on which they walk. Taking into consideration (i) the deviated bending of the outer doublets pairs (Cibert, C., Heck, J -V. 2004 Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 59,153-168), (ii) the internal tensions of the radial spokes and the tangential links (nexin links, dynein arms), (iii) a theoretical 5 mu m long proximal segment of the axoneme and (iv) the short proximal segment of the axoneme, we have reevaluated the adjustments of these Fedratinib mw intervals using a finite element approach The movements we have calculated within the axonemal cylinder are consistent with the basic hypothesis that found the Geometric Clutch model, except that the axonemal side where the

dynein arms are active increases the intervals between the two neighbor outer doublet pairs This result allows us to propose a mechanism of bending reversion of the axoneme, involving the concerted ignition

of the molecular engines along the two opposite sides of the axoneme delineated by the bending plane (C) 2010 Elsevier and Ltd. All rights reserved”
“We study whether stimulation of the vestibular nuclear (VN) complex can modulate rhythmic jaw movements in rats anesthetized by urethane. Rhythmic jaw movements were induced by repetitive electrical stimulation of the orofacial motor cortex. Stimulation of the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) during the jaw-closing phase increased the amplitude of the jaw-closing movement. (This is not a movement that continues to closure.) Stimulation of the MVN during the jaw-opening phase disturbed the rhythm of jaw movements and induced a small jaw-closing movement. Stimulation of the superior VN (SVN) and the lateral VN (LVN) during the jaw-closing phase did not affect the amplitude of the jaw-closing movement. Stimulation of the SVN and the LVN during the jaw-opening phase increased the amplitude of the jaw-opening movement, however. Stimulation of the inferior VN during the jaw-closing and the jaw-opening phase, respectively decreased the amplitude of the jaw-closing and the jaw-opening movements. Stimulation applied outside the VN did not modulate the amplitude of the jaw movements. These results imply that the VN is involved in the modulation of rhythmic jaw movements induced by stimulation of the orofacial motor cortex.