The

interactions can have beneficial nutritional, immunological, and developmental effect or even pathogenic effects for the host [13–16]. In this study the bacterial composition has been characterised for the first time directly on tissue samples from neonates with fulminate NEC. The JPH203 in vitro specimens were collected from a single neonatal hospital unit with a consistent treatment and a similar environment over a period of 6 years. Even though, the study is naturally limited in number of patients VRT752271 this is the first description done in situ and not on surrogates in the form of faecal samples or experimental animals. FISH combined with laser capture microdissection ensured that only bacterial DNA from lumen and mucus was sampled and that no contaminations from the surrounding material or environment could occur. Furthermore, cloning and pyrosequencing used here has previously been shown to be efficient for the characterization of the intestinal microbiota [17–19]. The presence of bacterial colonization in the small intestine and large intestine was documented and visualized by a general bacterial FISH probe and this method selleck chemicals llc has previously been used to reveal bacterial spatial distribution in the intestine of experimentally colonised animals [20, 21]. In general, tissues

with disease were heavily colonised by bacteria but we could not correlate the bacterial colonisation to NEC-score, Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK days with antibiotics or type of antibiotics nor type of nutrition. This colonization might be because of resistance to or wrong choice of antibiotics or because the antibiotics do not reaches the bacteria because of stop of blood supply. It has recently been shown that antibiotics do not

clear gut microbiota in neonates but reduce the diversity of bacterial species [22]. We were therefore interested in finding which bacterial groups that colonized the surgical removed tissues. The dominance of Proteobacteria could explain the susceptibility of preterm neonates to NEC or as a course of the antibiotic treatments that all neonates received in this study. From the 16S rRNA gene library the δ-proteobacteria was dominated by Escherichia-like organisms and to a lesser extent with Enterobacteria. It has previously been described by Wang et al. [18] that δ-proteobacteria dominated the bacterial composition in faecal samples from neonates with NEC but they also found a lower Shannon diversity for NEC patients compared to the control group [18]. This could have been due to the antibiotic treatments. In this study there was no difference in the bacterial composition or Shannon diversity index after long term antibiotic administration (>10 days) compared to less than two days of antibiotic treatments. Furthermore, no difference in bacterial composition was found regardless of the type of antibiotics used for treatment, in contrast to the antibiotic selection seen by Gewolb et al. [23].