The fact that we see much greater τ-based scatter at a relatively Ralimetinib solubility dmso large threshold CI argues that there is some other controlling factor in determining such binomial-based

population growth rates. In order to determine if the apparent CI effect on τ was only associated with our native E. coli strain, we tested two other bacterial strains (E. coli O157:H7 and Citrobacter). Table 2 summarizes τ frequency distribution parameters (Eq. 7 , Methods Section) from the experiments represented in Figs. 2 and 4 as well as results concerning mid-log phase E. coli O157:H7 and Citrobacter in LB, E. coli in MM or LB with 75 mM ethyl acetate (EA; solvent for N-acyl homoserine lactones). The stationary or log phase-based generic E. coli or E. coli O157:H7 growth data in LB gave similar results: for the narrower portion of the bimodal Gaussian distribution, the population mean τ values (μτ1) varied only 18.0 to 18.5 min (στ1 0.401 to 0.678); the broader part of the distribution was also very similar (μτ2 = 19.9 to 20.1 min; στ2 2.01 to 2.48). Utilizing MM rather than LB with generic E. coli cells from log phase cultures, we saw that the τ distribution on initial H 89 order cell concentration remained as apparent as the

phenomenon in LB (μτ1 ± στ1 = 51.1 ± 1.75 min; μτ2 ± στ2 = 56.9 ± 8.32 min), which is consistent with other work (Table 1). The Gram negative bacterium Citrobacter (Table 2), which was also grown in LB with cells from log phase cultures, had relatively large doubling times but displayed a clear bimodal distribution in τ at http://www.selleck.co.jp/products/CHIR-99021.html low cell densities (α = 0.6, μτ1 ± στ1 = 42.5 ± 3.75 min; β = 0.4, μτ2 ± στ2 = 50.7 ± 6.5 min) similar to previous

observations. However, the ethyl acetate set of experiments (LB with 75 mM EA) with E. coli, which were performed as a positive control for testing various N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHL; in Gram-negative bacteria AHL is one of two major types of quorum sensing compounds believed to regulate various aspects of bacterial physiology depending upon population size), showed that EA nearly collapsed the bimodal distribution (Fig. 5) to a unimodal form as a result. We observed that α NU7441 order dropped to 0.15 from an LB average of 0.41 (± 0.066), μτ1 shifted upward 1.4 min, and στ1 broadened by 0.339 min. This result argues for a physiological basis for the increased τ scatter at CI below 100 (stationary phase Fig. 2) to 1,000 (log phase Fig. 4) CFU mL-1. Because of the relatively large effect of solvent alone, the AHL experiments were not performed. Table 2 Comparison of doubling time distribution parameters (Eq. 1) for E. coli, E. coli O157:H7, and Citrobacter in LB, LB + ethyl acetate (EA, 75 mM), or MM at 37°C; S = Stationary phase, L = Log Phase.     CI ≤ 100 CFU mL-1 CI ≥ 1000 CFU mL-1 Organism (phase) Medium LB α μ τ 1 ± σ τ1 β μ τ2 ± σ τ2 Δμ τ μ τ ± σ τ E. coli (S) LB 0.48 18.0 ± 0.678 0.52 19.9 ± 2.48 1.87 17.6 ± 0.708 E.