The experiments were carried out in triplicate. In our study, the chequerboard method was used for the measurement of interactive inhibition of synergy between the antibiotics and fungal extract (White et al., 1996). Synergistic combinations were prepared using the fungal extract and the antibiotics to which the bacterial strains were resistant. The concentrations of the fungal extract and antibiotics were started at their MIC value and then serially diluted into twofold steps. The effects of combination were evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of each combination. The synergistic experiments

were carried out in triplicate. FIC of fungal extract=MIC of fungal extract in combination with antibiotics/MIC of fungal extract alone • FIC of antibiotics=MIC of antibiotics in combination with fungal extract/MIC of antibiotics alone • FICI=FIC of selleck chemical fungal extract+FIC of antibiotics Synergy was defined as an FICI≤0.5. An FICI between 0.5 Ganetespib and 4.0 indicates that there is no interaction between the agents. An FIC>4.0 indicates

that there is antagonism between the two agents (Odds, 2003). The morphological characteristics of the endophytic fungus were observed on PDA after 10 days of growth at 30 °C. Colonies on PDA were circular, raised, at first orange-white, sometimes grey and becoming pale orange with age, with white, dense, cottony aerial mycelia without visible conidial masses, reverse bright orange but sometimes yellowish-brown to olive-brown and very slow growing. Acervuli and setae were absent in culture. Conidia were hyaline, unicellular and cylindrical with obtuse apices and tapering bases. Average conidial size was 14.7 × 3.8 μm. Traditionally, identification of Colletotrichum sp. has been based on the size and shape of conidia and culture characteristics such as colony colour, growth rate and texture (Smith & Black, 1990). Morphological characteristics allowed the identification of the endophytic fungus as C. gloeosporioides, which was reinforced by the sequence of its 18S rRNA gene that gave

a 91% sequence similarity to those accessible at the blastn of C. gloeosporioides. Niclosamide The maximum growth of the fungus was observed on PDA medium. The optimum pH for the maximal growth of the fungus was found to be 5.0. The antimicrobial activity of the extract against bacterial and fungal strains was investigated by the disk diffusion method. The results showed that methanol extract had an effective antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms (Table 1). The methanol extract produced a maximum inhibition zone of 21.6 mm against S. aureus, 19.6 mm against B. subtilis, 18.3 mm against E. coli, 18.6 mm against P. aeruginosa and 17.6 mm against C. albicans. In contrast, the hexane extract had no inhibitory effect against all the tested organisms. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Similarly, Lu et al.