Six hours after transfection, transiently pcDNA3.1-Tg737-transfection cells and controls were subjected to the analyses described above. In brief, the cells were incubated with fresh DMEM (1% FBS) for 12 h under hypoxia and were then subjected to western blot analysis for Tg737 expression. After 10 h of incubation under hypoxia, the cells underwent an adhesion Selleck SHP099 assay. Furthermore, the cells (approximately 2 × 104 cells) in 0.5 ml of media supplemented with 1% FBS were plated into the top chamber of a transwell and were incubated for 12 h under hypoxic conditions for the migration and invasion assays. After 12 h of incubation under hypoxia, Annexin V/propidium

iodide assays were also performed to exclude apoptosis-related effects. Western blot assay for polycystin-1 To measure the polycystin-1 expression levels of the different cells (indicated in the Results and Figure Legends sections), western blot assays were performed using the techniques described

above. The primary antibodies used were anti-polycystin-1 (diluted 1:600, Santa Cruz) and anti-GAPDH (diluted 1:400, selleck chemicals Santa Cruz). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) For quantification of polycystin-1, IL-8 and TGF-β1 protein secretion by different cells, culture medium was collected and centrifuged at 6000 r/min for 10 min. The supernatant was used for determination of protein secretion with ELISA kits (Cusabio, Wuhan, China) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The antibodies used in the TGF-β1 ELISA kit are only able to detect TGF-β1 in its active form; thus, the samples were activated by acidification before ELISA to determine the amount of total TGF-β1. Statistical analysis SPSS software, version 14.0, was used VEGFR inhibitor for all statistical evaluations. The data are presented as the means ± standard errors of the mean for separate experiments (n ≥ 3, where n https://www.selleckchem.com/products/apr-246-prima-1met.html represents the number of independent

experiments). The data were analyzed for significance using a one-way ANOVA; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results Hypoxia reduced HCC cell adhesion and facilitated invasion and migration To examine the effects of hypoxia on HCC cell adhesion, migration, and invasion, two human HCC cell lines, HepG2 and MHCC97-H, were exposed to either normoxia or hypoxia under the same media conditions. An adhesion assay revealed that exposure of these two HCC cell lines to hypoxic conditions decreased their capacity to adhere to collagen (Figure 1A). Next, HCC cell migration through a microporous membrane and invasion through an extracellular matrix were assessed under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. It was observed that exposure of these two HCC cell lines to hypoxic conditions resulted in significant increases in invasion (Figure 1B and C) and migration (Figure 1D and E) in vitro. To exclude the effects on cell viability after treatment with low-serum medium under normoxic or hypoxic conditions, we performed Annexin V assays.