Recently A213V desmin substitution has been described in seven unrelated Estrogen Receptor inhibitor molecular weight patients with three different phenotypes; distal skeletal myopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy (8, 10,

11). However, this substitution has been found also in control groups with a frequency of approximately 1%, and has also been described in a familial case of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical dilated cardiomyopathy where it did not segregate with the disease phenotype (6). Therefore, it was suggested that A213V substitution represents a rare polymorphism rather than a true disease-causing mutation. Our group has previously described this substitution in a patient with late onset and rapid progression of heart dilation, no signs of coronary artery Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical disease or previous myocardial infarction, but with a long history of arterial hypertension (8). We therefore hypothesize that A213V substitution can play a predisposing role in heart dilation in presence of other provocative and unfavorable factors. This hypothesis of A213V constituting Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a conditional mutation was here tested by comparing the frequency of the desmin A213V substitution in a group of

patients with heart dilation due to various factors to the frequency in a healthy control group. Materials and methods Patient cohort The study group included patients with sings of heart failure (NYHA class II-IV) and enlarged left ventricle dimensions (LVEDD > 56 mm) with preserved of decreased contractile function due to various etiologies: ischemic heart disease, arterial hypertension, metabolic Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical syndrome,

alcoholic cardiomyopathy and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. They patients with genetic dilated cardiomyopathy (familial or sporadic forms) were excluded from the study. Totally, 108 patients with heart failure and cardiac dilation were included in the study group. Of these 70 (65%) were due to ischemic heart disease, including 19 (17.5%) post MI, 14 (13%) with metabolic syndrome and arterial hypertension, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 10 (9%) with alcoholic cardiomyopathy and 14 (13,%) with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Clinical data and case history were obtained by direct physical examination Mephenoxalone during patient’s visit and from medical records. Echocardiography was performed according to standard protocol. Written informed consent was obtained prior to patient enrollment and was approved by the local ethical committees of Almazov Federal Centre, St.Petersburg and Stockholm. The control group included 300 healthy donors with the same Caucasian background. Sequencing of the desmin gene Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood using a phenol-chlorophorm purification method. Exon 2 of the desmin gene (DES) including exon-intron boundaries was amplified by PCR followed by direct DNA sequencing (8).