Rather, P. favieri has a unique mandibular structure that seems to be functionally analogous to the protheca. It is a long, broadly lanceolate, distinctly flattened structure apparently homologous to the medial mandibular seta (MN2*), which arises from an area behind the cutting edge of mandible. We predict that the function of the protheca and this similar structure in P. favieri are involved in a specialized feeding strategy that may include soliciting trophallaxis from their host ants. We also report some observations of the first instar hatching from the egg, feeding on liquid

and a behaviour we interpret as a “calling behavior,” all of which were videotaped and posted on the Tree of Life Web Project.”
“Developing sustainable chemical methods to synthesize silver nanoparticles has drawn significant research interest. Due to their unique and well-defined physical-chemical properties, cellulose CYT387 molecular weight nanocrystals (CNCs) have become one of the most promising renewable nanomaterials. Here we use CNC to mediate silver nanoparticle synthesis and elucidate the effect of CNC surface chemistry (as defined by sulfate groups) in nanoparticle formation and nucleation in the presence of borohydride reduction. Pristine CNCs produced by sulfuric

acid hydrolysis and partially desulfated CNCs mediated the formation of selleck kinase inhibitor silver nanoparticles of different sizes (and size distribution) following different rates of formation, as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The results shed light on methods to stabilize silver nanoparticles, control their nucleation, and highlight the potential of CNCs in metal nanoparticle synthesis.”
“Many whale (baleen whale or toothed whale) skeletons still contain residual lipids even after an initial osteological preparation. This paper examines the different CP-868596 nmr possibilities of re-treatment. Before a conservation intervention, it was necessary to determine the materials of which bones are made

up. The samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. Different compounds were identified: a mineral part (apatite), an organic part (collagen) and lipids. Chromatography analysis yielded a detailed composition of the lipids. It was in fact degraded fat with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. To remove these lipids, several techniques were identified and tested: enzymatic treatments, supercritical CO2, and green or organic solvents. Esterification catalyzed by lipases could be suitable for a degreasing treatment since the solubility of esters is higher than that of the corresponding fatty acids. The enzymatic treatment acted only on the surface and did not appear to be very efficient. The use of supercritical CO2 was even less effective. Some green solvents can partially extract lipids but prove difficult to eliminate after treatment. The best results for degreasing were achieved using organic solvents.