Nitric oxide synthase converts l-arginine to citrulline and nitric oxide (NO). As a consequence of increased

ARG-1 activity, there is a decrease in the NO production that enables Leishmania to survive inside the macrophage. The inhibition of ARG-1 by endogenous NOHA (Nω-hydroxy-l-arginine) diminishes the proliferation of Leishmania into the macrophage ( Iniesta, Gómez-Nieto, & Corraliza, 2001). This study examines the biochemical interaction between ARG-L and flavonoids. Additionally, a docking simulation of the interaction between inhibitors and the structural model of the ARG-L allows visualization of the interactions of dietary flavonoids within the catalytic site of the enzyme. Quercetin, Ibrutinib ic50 isoquercitrin, quercitrin, luteolin, orientin, isoorientin, fisetin, galangin, kaempferol, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, apigenin, vitexin, isovitexin, MnSO4, l-arginine, CelLytic B, MOPS (4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid), CHES (2-(cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid), PMSF (phenyl-methyl-sulfonyl fluoride), yeast extract and tryptone were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich. Reagents for urea analysis were purchased from Quibasa (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). Recombinant selleck chemicals ARG-L was expressed without a histidine tail and purified as described previously (da Silva et al., 2012b). Rat liver arginase (ARG-1)

was prepared by lysing 5 g of liver cells in 100 ml of buffer containing 100 mM Tris and 1 mM EDTA, using a blender. The homogenate was centrifuged at 5000g  , and pigments in the supernatant were removed by liquid chromatography (open column) using 5 ml for of Sepharose Chelating resin (GE Healthcare) charged

with Ni+2Ni+2. The resulting arginase solution was fully activated by heat at 60 °C in the presence of 10 mM of MnCl2 ( Kanyo, Scolnick, Ash, & Christianson, 1996). Following activation, the solution was centrifuged at 20,000g, and the supernatant was used to test arginase inhibition. Screening of compounds for their ability to inhibit arginase from L. (L.) amazonensis was performed using 125 μM concentrations of each compound at pH 9.5 with 50 mM CHES buffer and 50 mM l-arginine (pH 9.5). The samples were incubated in a water bath at 37 °C for 15 min. Quantification of urea was performed by enzymatic colorimetric Berthelot assay (Fawcett & Scott, 1960), using commercial reagents. Briefly, the catalytic activity of the arginase reactions was stopped by transferring 10 μl of reaction mixture into 750 μl of reagent A (20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7, containing 60 mM salicylate, 1 mM sodium nitroprusside and >500 IU of urease). This mixture was incubated at 37 °C for 5 min. Next, 750 μl of reagent B (sodium hypochlorite 10 mM and NaOH 150 mM) were added, and then the samples were incubated at 37 °C for 10 min (Fawcett et al., 1960). Absorbance measurements were taken at 600 nm using a Hitachi 2810U spectrophotometer.