NHBE cells at passages 2 to 4, and 16HBE cells were trypsinized and seeded onto the Costar Transwells inserts with 0. 4 um pore size at a density of 1. 5 �� 105 cells cm2 in media comprised of 50% BEBM and 50% DMEM F12 low glucose supplemented with the growth factors provided in the SingleQuot kits and retinoic acid. Once the cells reached confluency, they were switched to an air selleck Sorafenib liquid interface for an additional 2 weeks to achieve mucociliary differentiation. PCN or IL 13 was added to the Transwell chambers for 24 hr. Sterile water was used as the control. NHBE cells were stained with mouse anti MUC5AC monoclonal antibody, and visualized with Alexa Fluor488 conjugated sec ondary antibodies under a confocal micro scope. Nuclei were stained with DAPI.

Brightfield and fluorescence images of these cells can be found in the Additional file 1, Figure S1 and Additional file 2, Figure S2. ROS assays ROS levels in PCN exposed NCI H292 cells were deter mined using the OxiSelect In Vitro ROS RNS Assay Kit according to the manufacturer protocols. The assay uses the spe cific ROS RNS probe dichlorodihydrofluorescin DiOxyQ. The DCFH DiOxyQ probe is first primed with a quench removal reagent, and subsequently stabilized in the highly reactive DCFH form. ROS and RNS species react with DCFH, which then rapidly oxidizes to to degradation with cell lysates. The amounts of mucins in total cell lysates were determined by west ern blotting using specific antibodies against MUC5AC and MUC5B or by ELISA kits. These ELISA kits have been previously used in mucin studies.

Posttranslational modification of FOXA2 Nuclear proteins from PCN stimulated or control NCI H292 cells were purified using the NE PER Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extraction Reagents. FOXA2 was immunoprecipitated using anti FOXA2 antibody immobilized on Protein A G Agarose. Posttranslational modifications of FOXA2 were analyzed by western blot using antibodies against nitro tyrosine, acetylated lysine, methylated lysine, and ubiquitin. Neutralization of PCN by GSH NCI H292 cells were pretreated with GSH at indicated concentrations for 60 Cilengitide min before expos the highly fluorescent 2, 7 dichlorodihydrofluorescein. Fluorescence intensity is proportional to the total ROS RNS levels within the sample. The DCFH DiOxyQ probe can react with hydrogen peroxide, peroxyl radical, nitric oxide, and peroxynitrite anion, allowing for measurement of the total free rad ical population within a sample.

Mucin analysis NCI H292 or 16HBE cells were stimulated with indicated concentrations of PCN for 24 hr. Cells were lysed by the M PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent in the presence of the Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail. The protease inhibitors were incorporated because of prior selleck chem reports of sensitivity of the anti mucin antibodies ure to PCN or sterile H2O for 24 hr.