Moreover, it is unclear whether an initial assembly of various synaptic molecules located at the extrasomal regions (e.g. growth cones) can indeed result in fully

mature and consolidated synapses in the absence of somata signalling. Such evidence is difficult to obtain both in see more vivo and in vitro because the extrasomal sites are often challenging, if not impossible, to access for electrophysiological analysis. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to precisely define various steps underlying synapse formation between the isolated growth cones of individually identifiable pre- and postsynaptic neurons from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. We show for the first time that isolated growth cones transformed into ‘growth balls’ have an innate propensity to develop specific and multiple synapses within minutes of physical contact. We also demonstrate that a prior ‘synaptic history’ primes the presynaptic growth ball to form synapses quicker with subsequent partners. This is the first demonstration that isolated Lymnaea growth cones have the necessary machinery to form functional synapses. “
“CX 546, an allosteric positive modulator of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPARs), belongs to a drug class called ampakines. These compounds have been shown to enhance long-term

potentiation www.selleckchem.com/products/Bortezomib.html (LTP), a cellular model of learning and memory, and improve animal learning task performance,

and have augmented cognition in neurodegenerative patients. However, the chronic effect of CX546 on synaptic structures has not been examined. The structure and integrity of dendritic spines are thought to play a role in learning and memory, and their abnormalities have been implicated in cognitive disorders. In addition, their Sitaxentan structural plasticity has been shown to be important for cognitive function, such that dendritic spine remodeling has been proposed as the morphological correlate for LTP. Here, we tested the effect of CX546 on dendritic spine remodeling following long-term treatment. We found that, with prolonged CX546 treatment, organotypic hippocampal slice cultures showed a significant reduction in CA3–CA1 excitatory synapse and spine density. Electrophysiological approaches revealed that the CA3–CA1 circuitry compensates for this synapse loss by increasing synaptic efficacy through enhancement of presynaptic release probability. CX546-treated slices showed prolonged and enhanced potentiation upon LTP induction. Furthermore, structural plasticity, namely spine head enlargement, was also more pronounced after CX546 treatment. Our results suggest a concordance of functional and structural changes that is enhanced with prolonged CX546 exposure.