IDSA guidelines represent an important reference for the management of intra-abdominal infections. WSES guidelines represent a further contribution on this debated topic learn more by specialists worldwide. The recommendations are formulated and graded according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) hierarchy of evidence [2, 3] summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Grading of recommendations from Guyatt and colleagues [2] Grade of recommendation Clarity of risk/benefit

Quality of supporting evidence Implications 1A       Strong recommendation, high-quality evidence Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burdens, or vice versa RCTs without important limitations or overwhelming evidence from observational studies Strong recommendation, can apply to most patients in most circumstances without reservation 1B       Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burdens, or vice versa RCTs with important limitations (inconsistent results, methodological flaws, indirect or imprecise) or exceptionally strong evidence from observational studies Strong ISRIB solubility dmso recommendation, can apply to most patients in most circumstances without reservation 1C       Strong recommendation, low-quality or very low-quality evidence Benefits clearly outweigh risk and burdens, or vice versa Observational studies or case series Strong recommendation but may change when higher quality

evidence becomes available 2A       Weak recommendation, high-quality evidence Benefits closely

balanced with risks and burden RCTs without important limitations or overwhelming evidence from observational studies Weak recommendation, best action may differ depending on circumstances or patient or BAY 1895344 societal values 2B       Weak recommendation, moderate-quality evidence Benefits closely balanced with risks and burden RCTs with important limitations (inconsistent results, methodological flaws, indirect or imprecise) or exceptionally strong evidence from observational studies Weak recommendation, best action may differ depending on circumstances or patient or societal values 2C       Weak recommendation, Low-quality or very low-quality evidence Uncertainty in the estimates of benefits, risks, and burden; benefits, risk and burden may be closely balanced Observational studies or click here case series Very weak recommendation; other alternatives may be equally reasonable Principles of sepsis management Severe sepsis and septic shock are the leading causes of multiple organ failure and mortality in noncoronary intensive care units (ICUs) [4, 5]. Unfortunately, despite tremendous basic and clinical research efforts, mortality from septic shock remains unchanged at greater than 50%. In an effort to improve sepsis-related mortality, several organizations have outlined evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock [6]. Physicians have known about the existence of sepsis for centuries.