Given that forest ecosystems are characterized by long development rates, longevity of tree species and comparatively slow migration rates of many species (Jump and Penuelas 2005), future management decisions will be hindered. Studies of the impacts of climate change on forest biodiversity, related consequences and the upcoming challenges for forest conservation strategies and policies were topics of an international conference held at the University of Freiburg in 2011. In this issue we present selected papers from different parts of the

world, which deal with the quantification of climate change impacts on forest biodiversity, Foretinib address adaptation measures in forest and conservation management or tackle the emerging challenges for conservation strategies and instruments that are brought about

LY2874455 by climate change. Challenges posed by climate change for biodiversity conservation in forests What are the overarching challenges for biodiversity conservation in forests posed by climate change? Major challenges arise from the increase in climate dynamics and thus also site conditions and the high degree of uncertainty and complexity related to climate change. Given the high projected rates of change, concepts based on static or historic conditions are likely to become infeasible (Perera et al. 2006; Milad et al. 2011), while mTOR inhibitor dynamic approaches will become increasingly important (Milad et al. 2012b). Evaluation schemes and references for biodiversity conservation, such as Red Lists and their classifications or common definitions of nativeness will become increasingly problematic. Conservation attempts aiming at the location-specific protection of species or the maintenance of specific species compositions will

be questioned, and this may also influence concepts of protected areas and nature reserves (Hannah et al. 2007; Skov and Svenning 2004). Nevertheless, protected areas will continue to be an important conservation instrument and may even gain importance, for example regarding their role Morin Hydrate in buffering additional stresses as well as providing habitat for different species and changing species compositions. Conservation scientists thus call for an extension of the area currently under protection as well as an adjustment to the conceptualization and management of existing reserves (Hannah et al. 2007; Hossell et al. 2003). Impacts of climate change on forest biodiversity may differ regionally and locally. In areas where forest conditions were previously uniform, an increase in stochastic events and dynamic processes may enhance diversity in structures and species (Jentsch and Beierkuhnlein 2008). Yet, globally, conservation of forest biodiversity is expected to become even more difficult in the light of climate change and related uncertainties. In addition, conservation objectives have to be developed and negotiated against a variety of societal demands for other ecosystem services (Schaich 2013).