e., smokers). It was hypothesized that continued breast feeding selleck kinase inhibitor during the first 8 weeks postpartum would be associated with smoking abstinence at 26 weeks postpartum. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with breast feeding were expected to reflect the characteristics of breast-feeding women in the general population. Findings may be used to improve smoking cessation interventions for postpartum women and to increase breast-feeding rates among individuals who possess socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with a reduced likelihood of breast feeding. Methods Data used in the current study were collected as part of a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of two versions of a motivation and problem-solving (MAPS) treatment designed to reduce postpartum relapse among women who quit smoking during pregnancy.
The MAPS treatments were compared with usual care in a racially/ethnically diverse sample of women of predominantly low socioeconomic status. Participants were followed from 34 weeks prepartum through 26 weeks postpartum. The findings of the parent study are reported elsewhere (Reitzel et al., 2010). Participants Pregnant women were eligible to participate if they (a) were ��18 years of age, (b) were in their 30th�C33rd week of pregnancy, (c) were able to speak English, (d) smoked an average of ��1 cigarette/day during the year prior to their pregnancy, and (e) stopped smoking either during their pregnancy or within 1 month prior to becoming pregnant. Participants were excluded from the study if they reported a high-risk pregnancy.
Smoking abstinence was verified at enrollment with an expired carbon monoxide level of <10 ppm. Measures The Demographic Information Questionnaire is a self-report measure of demographic (i.e., age, race/ethnicity, gender, partner status) and socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., annual household income, education). The Tobacco History Questionnaire is a self-report measure of tobacco use characteristics including years of smoking, daily smoking rate, and time to first cigarette. Breast feeding was assessed with two questions: (a) ��Do you intend to breastfeed?�� that was measured at the prepartum visit and (b) ��Are you currently breastfeeding?�� that was measured at 8 weeks postpartum. Participants responded with either a ��yes�� or a ��no�� answer to each item.
It is important to note that breast feeding reflects ��any�� breast feeding (rather than ��exclusive�� or ��ever�� breast feeding). Abstinence was defined Anacetrapib as a self-report of abstinence from smoking without any lapses during the previous 7 days accompanied by either an expired carbon monoxide level of <10 ppm or a salivary cotinine level of <20 ng/ml. Participants who self-reported a lapse and/or produced carbon monoxide or cotinine levels inconsistent with abstinence were considered relapsed. Procedure The present study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Texas M.D.