e., antioxidant activity) (58). Since HDN has

shown antioxidant buy Rapamycin and free radical scavenging activity (59), the present study primarily ameliorating the effect of HDN on iron accumulation and oxidative damage in the liver of iron overloaded rat is studied. Oral administration of hesperidin significantly inverse the iron induced peroxidative damage in liver which is evidenced from the lowered levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and lipid hydroperoxides. This may be due to the antioxidative effect of hesperidin (60). An antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent. Oxidation reaction can produce free radicals, ITF2357 molecular weight which start chain reactions that damage cells. Antioxidants terminate these chain reactions by removing free radical intermediates, and inhibit other oxidation reactions by being oxidized themselves. As a result are often reducing agents such as thiols, ascorbic acid or polyphenols (61). The enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and Glutathione-S-transferase play a vital role during the process of scavenging reactive oxygen species or preventing their formation (62). Superoxide dismutase, catalase

and glutathione peroxidase constitute the major enzymatic antioxidant defenses which convert active oxygen molecules in to

non-toxic compounds (60). Superoxide CHIR 99021 dismutase is a ubiquitous enzyme with an essential function in protecting aerobic cells against oxidative stress. It is primarily mitochondrial enzyme usually found in the plasma membrane (63). Catalase is a tetrameric heme protein that undergoes alternative divalent oxidation and reduction at its active site in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (64). As a substrate for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione protects cellular constituents from the damaging effects of peroxides formed in metabolism and other reactive oxygen species reaction (65). Glutathione peroxidase catalyzes the reaction of hydroperoxides with reduced glutathione to form glutathione disulphide and the reduction product of the hydroperoxide (66). The Glutathione-S-transferase is a group of isoenzyme is capable of detoxifying various endogenous and exogenous substances by conjugating reduced glutarhione. In this context, the decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and Glutathione-S-transferase were observed in tissues of Fe-treated rats. Hesperidin offers protection against oxidative damage due to the ability of enhanced antioxidant activity (67). The non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E and reduced glutathione are closely interlinked with each other and play an excellent role in protecting the cell from lipid peroxidation (68).