Downregulation of c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS was confirmed using western blot analysis at 24h after transfection (Figure 6A). The c-FLIPL/S siRNA resulted in downregulation of both c-FLIPL and c-FLIPS.. HCT15 cells transfected with the siRNAs were treated with 50ngml�C1 rhTRAIL, 10nM crosslinked DR4 or DR5 antibodies for 5h and induction of apoptosis was assessed. All treatments resulted in enhanced cell Ivacaftor synthesis death in c-FLIPL/S siRNA-transfected cells when compared with non-transfected or GFP siRNA-transfected cells (Figure 6B). In view of the greater downregulation of c-FLIPs than c-FLIPL by DN Egr-1, we chose to specifically downregulate c-FLIPs. The only unique region of c-FLIPS in comparison to c-FLIPL is the short exon 7 (Golks et al, 2005), which contained only two stretches of sequences targetable with siRNA.

Of these two siRNAs, however, only one (c-FLIPS-2) was able to significantly downregulate c-FLIPS expression, the c-FLIPS siRNA targeting the first region (c-FLIPS-1) seemed to be ineffective (Figure 6C). c-FLIPS siRNA-transfected HCT15 cells were treated with WT rhTRAIL, DR4- or DR5-agonistic antibodies and the apoptosis-potentiating effect of c-FLIPS knockdown was measured. c-FLIPS-1 did not enhance cell death in response to any of the treatments, as expected. However, c-FLIPS-2 siRNA-transfected cells showed increased cell death in response to WT rhTRAIL and DR5 antibody, but not to DR4 antibody; that is, c-FLIPS knockdown mirrored the effect of DN Egr-1 (Figure 6D). Figure 6 Knockdown of c-FLIPS potentiates DR5-induced apoptosis in HCT5 cells.

(A) Cell lysates were prepared from HCT15 cells transfected with three different siRNA constructs targeting the common region of c-FLIPS and c-FLIPL (c-FLIPS/L1?3) or GFP as … Discussion Death ligands induce apoptosis in tumour cells (Ashkenazi and Dixit, 1998; Papenfuss et al, 2008) independent of p53 and thus offer an alternative therapy to genotoxic agents (Ashkenazi, 2008). Various formulations of DR agonists, TNF, Fas ligand and TRAIL are in phase I and II clinical trials with promising results (Papenfuss et al, 2008; Mahalingam et al, 2009). Of the death ligands, TRAIL is of special interest, as in contrast to TNF and FasL, it has minimal or no toxic side effects (Ashkenazi et al, 2008).

However, the regulation of Cilengitide TRAIL-induced apoptosis, the mechanism of TRAIL resistance and the differential role of DR4 and DR5 in TRAIL signalling is not sufficiently understood (Di Pietro and Zauli, 2004; Duiker et al, 2006). To gain insight into the regulation of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, we identified the early response genes regulated by TRAIL receptor activation. Gene ontological clustering identified regulation of gene transcription as one of the main biological functions regulated by TRAIL. Among the TRAIL-regulated transcription factors were TEAD1 and Egr-1.