Despite recent advances in preventive HPV vaccine development, such preventive vaccines are unlikely to reduce the prevalence of HPV infections

within the next few years, due to their cost and limited availability in developing countries. selleck chemical Furthermore, preventive HPV vaccines may not be capable of treating established HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions, which account for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, it is important to develop therapeutic HPV vaccines for the control of existing HPV infection and associated malignancies. Therapeutic vaccines are quite different from preventive vaccines in that they require the generation of cell-mediated immunity, particularly T cell-mediated immunity, instead of the generation Proteases inhibitor of neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccines, since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated cervical cancer and its precursor lesions and thus play crucial roles in the generation and

maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review covers the various therapeutic HPV vaccines for cervical cancer, including live vector-based, peptide or protein-based, nucleic acid-based, and cell-based vaccines targeting the HPV VX-689 solubility dmso E6 and/or E7 antigens. Furthermore, we review the studies using therapeutic HPV vaccines in combination with other therapeutic modalities and review the latest clinical trials on therapeutic HPV vaccines.”
“Background: Colon cancer is the third and fourth most prevalent cancer among Iranian men and women, respectively. Suicide gene therapy is one of the alternative therapeutic

modalities for cancer. The application of specific promoters for therapeutic genes should decrease the adverse effects of this modality.

Objectives: The combined aims of this study were to design a specific suicide gene therapy construct for colon cancer and study its effect in distinct representatives of transformed and nontransformed cells.

Study Design: The KRAS oncogene signaling pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways activated in colon cancer; therefore, we inserted the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR; PLAUR gene) promoter as one of the upregulated promoters by this pathway upstream of a suicide gene (thymidine kinase [TK]) and a reporter gene (beta-galactosidase, beta-gal [LacZ.]). This promoter is a natural combination of different motifs responsive to the RAS signaling pathway, such as the transcription factors AP1 (FOS/JUN), SP1, SP3, and AR2 alpha, and nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B).