As the asymmetrical pattern seems to merge some features of the other two—with infants paying attention to the mother’s focus, as in symmetrical, while refraining from acting together, as in unilateral—it has been presumed to work as a transitional state between the unilateral and the symmetrical.

Akt inhibitor With respect to the subcodes, we also expected symmetrical coregulation to change with advancing age, with affect sharing and action sharing occurring first and language sharing occurring later. In fact, the former patterns employ skills, like expressive and motor acts, that are already part of the infant’s repertoire at the beginning of the observational period, to communicate with others in person-focused interaction or to explore physical reality in object-focused interaction, respectively. By contrast, the latter pattern requires skills that infants still lack at the outset and that may be recruited for coregulation only in a subsequent period. Finally, as shown in previous studies on social play (Camaioni et al., 2003), we expected to see individual differences in the rate of developmental change. Because of the focus

on developmental change and individual differences, a multiple case study method (Camaioni et al., 2003; Fogel, 1990; Hsu & Fogel, 2001; Lavelli & Fogel, 2002) was used. This method implies a multiple timepoint design, providing a dual Edoxaban opportunity to make meaningful statements about the group and also to capture the rate and the shape of developmental trajectories for each case. Ten dyads were video-taped weekly at home, interacting with Ibrutinib cell line a toy tea set (dishes, forks, knives, spoons, cups, etc.) brought by the observer. Four girls and six boys were observed, with the girls belonging to dyads 1, 4, 8, 9 and the boys to dyads 2, 3, 5–7, 10. All of the infants were full term at birth; five of them were first borns, four were second borns, and one was third born. All children belonged to biparental middle-class families,

living in a town of central Italy. The observations started when infants were 10-months-old (M = 10.7 months) and continued until they were 24-months-old (M = 24.9 months). Each session lasted about 5 min (M = 5 min 2 sec). Mothers were sitting with their infants at their favorite table with the toy tea set at their disposal. No other instruction was given to them than to play as usual and to ignore the observer as much as possible. All the mothers were informed about the general interest of our study and all of them agreed to participate. At the end of the study, they received an edited tape of the observational periods as a gift for their intensive participation in the project. The Relational Coding Scheme developed by Alan Fogel (1993) was employed to assess mother–infant coregulation.