Additionally for IBS, CFS, and FM a positive screen with the validated instrument was also considered selleck chemicals llc as presence of the condition. Validated questions

defined by the Rome II criteria (Rome Foundation, Inc., McLean, VA, USA) for the diagnosis of IBS were used.22,23 Criteria established by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA) were used for a likely diagnosis of CFS. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria24 for the diagnosis of FM was used in this study, including a history of widespread pain plus pain at 11 of the 18 tender point sites as recorded by the examining physician at the end of the survey. In women, EM was based on self-reported physician diagnosis. For the purpose of final analyses respondents were classified as “cases with comorbidities” based on self-reported physician diagnoses, or validated criteria for the comorbidity, or both. Depression.— The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a self-reported diagnostic

and severity measure GW-572016 molecular weight for current depression (in the prior 2 weeks) using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV.25 In this study, participants with PHQ-9 score >10 were considered positive for current depression. Anxiety.— The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was in this study to assess the severity of patient anxiety. The questionnaire consists of both physiological and cognitive components of anxiety addressed in the 21 items describing subjective, somatic, or panic-related symptoms.26 In this study, participants with BAI score

≥8 were considered positive for current anxiety. Statistical Analysis.— All statistical analyses in this study were performed using SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and described in detail in Part I.17 An ordinal logistic regression models (CLOGIT) was used to examine mafosfamide the relationship between comorbid pain conditions and childhood abuse and neglect. In this model the dependent variable was number of comorbid conditions defined as 0, 1, 2, ≥3 conditions. In a separate model restricted to women, the dependent variable was defined as 0, 1, 2, 3, ≥4 conditions. Both models were adjusted for age, race, education, household income, and current depression and anxiety. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to measure the strength of the relationships, and the significance of the ORs was examined using Wald’s χ2 test statistic. A total of 1348 patients who received a diagnosis of migraine completed the surveys. The ICHD-2 diagnosis and characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. Additional characteristics of the study population are available in Table 1 of Part I and II of this study. In brief, a diagnosis of migraine with aura was recorded in 40% of the participants. The majority of the participants were women (88%) and the average age of the participants in this study was 41 years.