In order to explore the differences between plasmid and chromosomal hlyA genes we have developed PCR primers (111f/r and 113f/r from GenBank FM180012, Table 2) for amplification of this DNA region. The nucleotide sequence of the corresponding 633 bp PCR products from strains with α-hly plasmids and from E. GW572016 cloacae strain KK6-16 was determined. The results are presented in Fig. 5. Except for pEO14, all plasmid encoded hlyA internal sequences were very PF-3084014 similar to each other with a maximum difference of 1.4% (pHly152 and

pEO13). In contrast, chromosomal hlyA genes showed differences of up to 9.5% when compared to each other (J96 compared to 536 both PAI I and PAI II). The 211 aa HlyA translation products showed aa-exchanges at positions 58 and 78 that were associated with the E. coli plasmid or chromosomal origin of the genes (data not shown). Figure 5 Genetic relationship between plasmid and chromosomally inherited hlyA genes. Clustal analysis of 633 bp internal hlyA sequence of strains 84-3208 (pEO11) [GenBank FN673696], 84-2 S (pEO14) [FN673697], 84-R (pEO13) [FN673698], 84-2195 (pEO9) [FN673699], C4115 (pEO5) [FM180012], CB860 (pEO860) [FN673700], CB853 (pEO853) [FN673701], CB857 (pEO857) [FN673702], 84-2573 (pEO12) [FN673703], KK6-16 [FN673704],

536 PAI I [AJ488511], 536 PAI II [AJ494981], CFT073 [AE014075], UTI98[CP000243] and J96 [M10133]. UPGMA was used as tree building method and distances calculated according to Tajima and Nei 1984 [45]. The nucleotide sequence of the hlyA region on plasmid pEO14 was found closely related to the chromosomal hlyA gene of strain UTI98 (0.6% Vorinostat clinical trial difference), and showed 5-6% sequence differences to all other α-hly-plasmids. Interestingly, the E. cloacae hlyA gene sequence was

found 99% similar to that of plasmids pEO5 and pEO9 and more distantly related to the E. coli chromosomal hlyA genes (2.6 to 10.4% differences). IS911 is present downstream of hlyD in strains carrying α-hly plasmids It was suggested that the hlyCABD operons were spread Phloretin in E. coli by mobile genetic elements [20] and a truncated IS911 segment of 254 bp was found located closely and downstream of the hlyD gene in plasmid pEO5 [21]. In order to investigate the other α-hly plasmids for the presence of this element we developed PCR-primers (99f/r) encompassing a 650 bp stretch of DNA starting inside hlyD and ending inside the IS911 sequence. All α-hly plasmids except pEO14 yielded a PCR product. None of the strains carrying chromosomal α-hly genes reacted positive with this PCR (Table 1). The nucleotide sequence of the 579 bp amplicons from nine α-hly plasmids (strains CB860 [GenBank FN678780], CB857 [FN678781], CB853 [FN678782], 84-3208 [FN678783], 84-2573 [FN678784], 374 [FN678785], 84-R [FN678786], 84-2195 [FN678787] and CB855 [FN678788] were compared by Clustal W analysis. The sequences were 99.