95R0.05O3, the concentration of Fe2+ increases, whereas the concentration of oxygen vacancies decreases. The electrical properties of BiFe0.95R0.05O3 are

correlated with the valence of Mn. Their leakage current density is dependent on the concentration of oxygen vacancies caused by different valences of Mn. Their P-E loops become better with the increasing valence of Mn owing to a lower leakage current density in high electric field regions, and a large remanent AR-13324 concentration polarization of P-2(r) similar to 145.2 mu C/cm(2) is obtained for the Mn4+-doped film. For the Mn2+-doped bismuth ferrite film, the space-charge-limited conduction and Schottky barrier dominate its leakage behavior under a negative electric field, the Ohmic conduction and Schottky barrier are involved in the leakage behavior under a positive electric field,

and the interface-limited Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is their dominant mechanism in a high electric field region. In contrast, an Ohmic conduction dominates the leakage behavior of Mn3+- and Mn4+-doped films regardless of negative and positive directions or measurement temperatures. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3596826]“
“Sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth) is a tree of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. It is a flowering ornamental tree widely planted throughout Brazil and indicated for restoration of degraded areas. We examined protein profile changes in leaves of seedlings of C. peltophoroides grown in nutrient solution under greenhouse conditions, after exposure to cadmium (Cd; 32 mg/L). Z-DEVD-FMK in vitro A two-dimensional gel was used to analyze proteins expressed in response to stress 24 and 72 h after initiation of treatment with Cd. Various protein bands were identified that were related AS1842856 in vivo to stress response and/or metabolic

adjustments, including proteins involved with resistance to stress, including detoxification, degradation, antioxidant, transport, signal transduction, photosynthesis, electron transport, biosynthesis reactions, and transcription regulation. After 24 h of Cd exposure, the genes of most of these proteins were upregulated. These putative proteins were associated with resistance to stress, including heat shock proteins, heat stress transcriptional factor and other transcriptional factors, aquaporins, glutathione transferase and choline monooxygenase. Most of the putative proteins observed after 72 h of exposure to Cd were down-regulated. They were mainly photosynthetic process proteins, such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase, photosystem I assembly, and photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein. There were also proteins involved with degradation, biosynthesis and antioxidant activity, such as ATP-dependent Clp protease, methylthioribose-1-phosphate and glutathione peroxidase 2.