50 At least some of these

effects are associated with increased Bcl-2 levels.50,120,121,122 Antidepressants Chemical antidepressants used to treat depressive disorders, or depressive symptoms in other psychiatric disorders, include monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or selective Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These chemical antidepressants act by increasing monoamines (serotonin and/or norepinephrine) in the synaptic cleft, which occurs immediately; however, for most patients, therapeutic effects are observed only after a few days, and often Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical not until 2 weeks or more, This suggests that adaptive changes in cellular signaling cascades may underlie their therapeutic effects.125 Two such pathways that will be considered below include the MAPK/ERK and the Wnt/GSK signaling cascade (Figure 1), which may

enhance neurotrophic and neuroprotective mechanisms in addition to neurogenesis. Interestingly, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical nonchemical antidepressants such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and exercise also target these pathways and may employ similar therapeutic mechanisms. Antidepressants affect prominent signaling cascades involved in neuronal protection and survival As noted above, activation of the MAPK/ERK and Wnt/GSK signaling cascades (Figure 1) ultimately targeted by antidepressants may result in enhanced neuroprotective and survival mechanisms.

For instance, both chemical antidepressants and ECT increase BDNF levels. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical In rats, ECT increased BDNF and its receptor (trkB) in the hippocampus.126 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical A similar effect was also found following chronic (21 days) but not acute treatment with different classes of antidepressants (the MAOI tranylcypromine, the SSRI sertraline, and the TCA desipramine). Furthermore, chronic antidepressant treatment also increased the expression Anacetrapib of CREB mRNA in the rat hippocampus,127 suggesting a potential regulatory mechanism for BDNF through CRE-mediated gene transcription. Exercise has also been reported to upregulate many necessary factors in the MAPK signaling pathway including BDNF, trkB, MEK2, and ERK2.128-133 A recent study found that exercise-induced upregulation of BDNF at the mRNA and protein level and phosphorylation of survival factor Akt both occurred via a CREB-dependent mechanism.134 Interestingly, the SNRI reboxetine also depends on CREB activation (phosphorylation) in order to show similar changes in BDNF and Akt. In humans, serum levels of BDNF levels are decreased in unmedicated depressed patients compared with depressed patients currently taking antidepressants or healthy controls.