41,0.56) and a high luminous efficiency of 28 Cd/A has been obtained at very low driving currents (10 mu A) for 1,2,4-hb-PAV material, versus 2.1 Cd/A for the conventional 1,3,5-linking material, in spite of the high photoluminescence quantum yield in thin film exhibited by both materials. The significant improvements in the performance of OLEDs based on 1,2,4-hb-PAV with respect to other conventional hyperbranched polymers are attributed

to the inherent energy gradient from the shorter branches to the longer conjugated stem in this structure, which enables the characteristic funneling effect. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3585781]“
“. Autophagy is a very tightly regulated process that is important in many cellular processes including development, STA-9090 solubility dmso differentiation, survival and homoeostasis. The importance of this process has already been proven in numerous common diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Emerging data indicate that autophagy plays an important role in some liver diseases including liver injury induced by ischaemia reperfusion and alpha-1 antitrypsin Z allele-dependent liver disease. Autophagy may also occur in viral infection,

and it may play a crucial role in antimicrobial host defence against pathogens, while find more supporting cellular homoeostasis processes. Here, the latest findings on the role of autophagy in viral hepatitis B and C infection, which are both serious health threats, will be reviewed.”
“Objective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of nano- or submicro topography and fluoride ion on the biology of osteoblasts.

Study design. Pure Ti plates were sandblasted, etched with an HCl/H2SO4 solution (control surface) and then etched in a diluted HF/HNO3 solution (test surface). MC3T3-E1 cells attached, spread, and proliferated on both surfaces.

Results. The alkaline ACY-241 supplier phosphatase activity was evidently higher for the test surface than for control surface after 4 and 7 days of cell culture. Real-time PCR showed significant increases in type I collagen and osteocalcin gene expression in osteoblast growth on the test surface after 4 days of culture compared with the control surface.

Conclusion. With nanotopography and fluoride, hydrogen ions might improve MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation during the early stages of cell culture. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;110:e13-e22)”
“The working principle of dry micro-electro-discharge machining of vertically aligned carbon-nanotube forests is investigated by evaluating the effect of oxygen on the process.