244-246 Finally, enhancing mtFAO in liver can also alleviate IR, which could be dependent or not on the reduction in hepatic lipids.247,248 Obese patients are consuming on average

more drugs than nonobese individuals.249 However, numerous drugs can impair mitochondrial function, or more broadly, lipid homeostasis.12,17,250 Excessive alcohol consumption is also able to impair mitochondrial function and lipid homeostasis.12,17,251 Thus, NAFLD could worsen during the prolonged exposure of such xenobiotics. Using rodent models with preexisting hepatic steatosis and/or NASH, an aggravation of liver lesions was observed with phenobarbital, rosiglitazone, and pentoxifylline.17,252 In addition, clinical studies suggested that NASH could be induced, or aggravated, in obese individuals treated with drugs such as tamoxifen, methotrexate, irinotecan, Ibrutinib in vitro and nucleoside reverse

transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as stavudine and didanosine.17,253,254 NAFLD aggravation was also shown in rodents with ethanol,54,255 and in ducks force-fed with corn contaminated with mycotoxins.256 Obese individuals with NAFLD could also be more prone to develop drug-induced acute hepatitis. Nutlin-3a cost This has been suggested for halothane and acetaminophen.17,254 For these drugs, which undergo CYP2E1-mediated biotransformation into highly toxic metabolites, increased liver injury could be secondary to CYP2E1 induction.39,254,257 Underlying mitochondrial dysfunction could also lead to MCE公司 higher susceptibility to drug-induced acute hepatitis, although further investigations are needed to confirm this hypothesis. Although studies dealing with mitochondrial dysfunctions in NAFLD present some discrepancies, a frequent finding is the significant alteration of MRC activity in NASH. Importantly, moderate impairment of MRC activity can already be observed in simple fatty liver. Hence, MRC activity could progressively decline during the progression of NAFLD. In contrast, mtFAO is stimulated (or at least preserved) in fatty liver and NASH, most probably

as a compensatory mechanism in order to restrain fat accumulation. This imbalance between mtFAO and MRC is leading to ROS overproduction by way of enhanced leakage of electrons from the MRC.5,7,17,63,171 It is likely that this event triggers a vicious cycle since mitochondrial ROS are able to oxidatively damage nearby MRC enzymes and mtDNA. If this scheme is correct, restoring MRC activity in NAFLD could be a major goal to achieve in order to alleviate oxidative stress. Since mitochondrial ROS could play a significant role in cell death, inflammation, and fibrosis,258-260 developing drugs improving both mtFAO and MRC activity could provide major benefits beyond the improvement of fatty liver.