2013). As the ipsilateral motor cortex is not involved in generation or modulation of the LLSR in healthy nervous systems, it is difficult to explain why the arm ipsilateral to a stroke lesion displays impairments of reflex modulation almost as severe as the paretic arm. The bilateral deficits in reflex control evident following stroke may be due to organizational changes in the motor system that occur in response to the injury. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Specifically, survivors of monohemispheric stroke demonstrate increases

in the extent to which they engage the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex during activation of their paretic arm (Netz et al. 1997; Cramer 2008). While this type of gross reorganization has been suggested to be maladaptive, it Galunisertib cost likely represents Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a compensatory mechanism intended to recruit neural resources from the nonlesioned hemisphere to aid in control of the paretic limb. Sharing of resources in the undamaged motor cortex may result in a reduction in the number of neurons responsible for voluntary control and reflex regulation of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the nonparetic arm. While this hypothesis is

speculative, it would be of interest to investigate the relative representation and function of the nonparetic arm to determine whether LLSR modulation correlates negatively with the area of ipsilateral representation. Any implications of the current results for rehabilitative methods following stroke are necessarily highly Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical speculative, although the lack of reflex regulation by the ipsilateral motor cortex perhaps demonstrates the importance of maximizing the use of surviving neural resources in the contralateral hemisphere. In this context, the development of experimental Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical techniques designed to maximize the survival of neurons in the perilesional area immediately after stroke events and to encourage movement-specific reorganization within the lesioned motor cortex is both exciting and important. Conclusion In

summary, the present results confirm the involvement of the primary motor cortex contralateral to a target arm in stability-dependent modulation of the LLSR in healthy individuals, while denying a role for the ipsilateral motor cortex. These results imply that bilateral deficits of reflex regulation following monohemispheric stroke are not the direct result Digestive enzyme of damage to an existing bilateral reflex pathway. Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the substantial assistance provided by Glen Braid, Nigel Barrett, and Gavin Kennedy at the School of Physical Education, University of Otago, in developing the apparatus necessary for this study. Conflict of Interest None declared. Funding Information Funding for this study was provided by the Neurological Foundation of New Zealand.