, 2011). For this reason, any attempt to investigate

the extent to which sexual selection drives the evolution of reproductive isolation should be based on stringent analyses based either on large comparative data including comprehensive species samplings and phylogenies, or on replicated species-focused experiments aiming to infer specific signals of the sexual selection dynamics that operate on populations, and hence, on their potential role in driving divergence (e.g. Tregenza, 2002; Kraaijeveld et al., 2011). Labra’s study lacks these two fundamental requirements, making it difficult to draw conclusions on whether sexual selection has been implicated in the origin of any of the three studied species, and virtually impossible to support the view that the active speciation events that characterize the evolutionary history of Liolaemus is due to chemical-based Autophagy animal study divergent sexual selection. Therefore, the question remains open, and I argue that no evidence is available

yet to suggest that Liolaemus speciation has been influenced by sexual selection. However, Labra’s efforts to address fundamental questions on the communication of these lizards Ibrutinib in vivo should be applauded, and her research will undoubtedly prove essential to establishing the basis for the extraordinary radiation in this genus, but at present, we are some way from MCE公司 reaching firm conclusions on the driving forces for speciation in this group. I thank Tom Tregenza for insightful comments on a previous version of this paper, and two anonymous referees for valuable observations. I am indebted to the Leverhulme Trust for funding,

and to CRIDESAT of the University of Atacama (Chile) for support through an honorary fellowship. “
“Aposematism and crypsis are two widespread defensive strategies that have evolved in organisms to reduce attacks by predators. However, although both have been studied extensively, predation rates on unpalatable conspicuous prey have seldom been directly compared to those on palatable cryptic prey, and never in the field. In this study, we use established methods to compare the effectiveness of both defensive traits, by presenting artificial prey targets on trees where they were subject to attack by wild avian predators in a natural field setting. When partially consumed prey and those that had been completely removed were both treated as attacked by predators, there were no differences in attack rates between targets with the two defensive strategies. However, aposematic prey were completely consumed less often than cryptic prey, and partially consumed more often. This suggests that predators engage in taste rejection of unpalatable prey and/or feed on conspicuous prey more cautiously (‘go-slow’ predation).