However, the molecular mechanisms that influence receptor stability remain poorly defined. Here, we show that neural agrin and the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate slow the degradation of surface receptor in cultured muscle cells. Their action is mediated by tyrosine phosphorylation of the AChR subunit, as agrin and pervandate had no effect on receptor half-life in AChR-3F/3F muscle cells, Selleckchem GSK1120212 which have targeted mutations of the subunit cytoplasmic tyrosines. Moreover, in wild type AChR-3Y muscle cells, we found a

linear relationship between average receptor half-life and the percentage of AChR with phosphorylated subunit, with half-lives of 12.7 and 23 h for nonphosphorylated and phosphorylated receptor, respectively. Surprisingly, pervanadate increased receptor half-life in AChR-3Y myotubes in the absence of clustering, and agrin failed to increase receptor half-life in AChR-3F/3F myotubes even in the presence of clustering. The metabolic stabilization of the AChR was mediated specifically by phosphorylation of Y390 as mutation of this residue abolished subunit phosphorylation but did not affect subunit phosphorylation. Receptor stabilization also led to higher receptor levels,

as agrin increased surface AChR by 30% in AChR-3Y but not AChR-3F/3F myotubes. Together, these findings identify an unexpected role for agrin-induced phosphorylation of Y390 in downregulating AChR turnover. This likely stabilizes AChR at developing check details synapses, and contributes to the extended half-life of AChR at adult NMJs. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 73: 399410, 2013″
“Germ-cell transplantation is a powerful tool for studying gametogenesis in many species. We previously showed that https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elafibranor.html spermatogonia transplanted into

the peritoneal cavity of trout hatchlings were able to colonize recipient gonads, and produced fully functional sperm and eggs in synchrony with the germ cells of the recipient. An in vitro-culture system enabling spermatogonia to expand, when combined with transplantation, would be valuable in both basic and applied biology. To this end, we optimized culture conditions for type A spermatogonia in the present study using immature rainbow trout at 810 month of age. Spermatogonial survival and mitotic activity were improved during culture in Leibovitz’s L-15 medium (pH 7.8) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum at 10 degrees C compared with culture under standard conditions for salmonids (Hank’s MEM (pH 7.3) supplemented with 25 mM HEPES and 5% FBS, and culture at 20 degrees C). Elimination of testicular somatic cells promoted spermatogonial mitotic activity. In addition, insulin, trout embryonic extract, and basic fibroblast growth factor promoted the mitosis of purified spermatogonia in an additive manner.