As seen from

the literature, most of the experimental studies on the thermal properties of nanofluids proved that the thermal conductivity selleck chemicals llc of nanofluid depends upon the nanoparticle material, base fluid material, particle volume concentration, particle size, temperature, and nanoparticle Brownian motion. In previous works related to the flow of nanofluid in porous media, the authors used the variable thermophysical properties of the nanofluids, but it did not satisfy the experimental data for a wide range of reasons. Also, they did not consider the heat transfer through the two phases, i.e., nanofluid and porous media. Therefore, the scope of the current research is GSK126 in vitro to implement the appropriate models for the nanofluid properties, which consist the velocity-slip effects of nanoparticles with respect to the base fluid and the heat transfer flow

in the two phases, i.e., through porous medium and nanofluid to be taken into account, and to analyze the effect of nanofluids on heat transfer enhancement in the natural convection in porous media. Methods Mathematical formulation A problem of unsteady, laminar free convection flow of nanofluids past a vertical plate in porous medium is considered. The x-axis is taken along the plate, and the y-axis is perpendicular to the plate. Initially, the temperature of the fluid and the plate is assumed to be the same. At t ′ > 0, the temperature of the plate is raised to T w ‘, which is MTMR9 then maintained constant. The temperature of the fluid far away from the plate is T ∞ ‘. The physical model and coordinate system are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 Physical model and coordinate system. The Brinkman-Forchheimer model is used

to describe the flow in porous media with large porosity. Under Boussinesq approximations, the continuity, momentum, and energy equations are as Vadimezan supplier follows: (1) (2) (3) Here, u ′ and v ′ are the velocity components along the x ′ and y ′ axes. T ′ is the temperature inside the boundary layer, ε is the porosity of the medium, K is the permeability of porous medium, and F is the Forchheimer constant. The quantities with subscript ‘nf’ are the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, α eff is the effective thermal diffusivity of the nanofluid in porous media, and σ is the volumetric heat capacity ratio of the medium. These quantities are defined as follows: (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Since the heat transfer is through the nanofluid in porous media, the effective thermal conductivity in the two phases is given as follows: (9) Here, k s is the thermal conductivity of the porous material, and k nf is the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid.