[98] demonstrates the successful Selleck BIBW2992 use of caspofungin in the treatment of invasive candidiasis in neonates. The study suggests that caspofungin may be an effective alternative treatment with fewer adverse effects than amphotericin B. However, amphotericin B is still the drug of choice in the treatment of systemic candidiasis in children,

as observed by Pappas et al. [99]. A more detailed investigation of the mechanisms of pathogenicity of Candida spp. and their relationship with resistance to antifungal agents has become indispensable due to the rise in resistant isolates.[100] The ability of a microorganism to adapt depends on its skills and varies according to exposure conditions, such as the presence or absence of drugs that can stimulate the expression Palbociclib cell line of its virulence attributes.[101] Prophylactic treatment, which is very common in immunocompromised individuals, promotes exposure of Candida spp. to low concentrations of systemic antifungals, such as azoles, over long periods of time. This may lead to the selection of isolates resistant to these drugs.[102] When exposed to subinhibitory antifungal concentrations, yeast like Candida spp. are able to promote their pathogenic potential through the stimulation of virulence factors,[103, 104] therefore increasing the production and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes to improve adherence to tissues and ensuring their survival.[76, 105] Therefore,

the reaction of the pathogen to the stimulus can result in an increase in tissue destruction, which may lead to death in animal models.[105, 106] Patients infected by fluconazole-resistant C. albicans, who are undergoing therapy with clinical doses of fluconazole, may develop a persistent infection due to the increased production of Sap among other virulence–related factors.[100] According to Wu et al. [100], the increased production of Sap by isolates cultivated in subinhibitory

concentrations of fluconazole corresponds to the development of increased resistance to this drug. In this study, a dose-dependent reduction of Sap activity in isolates susceptible to fluconazole was observed, whereas resistant isolates showed increased Sap activity depending on the dose of fluconazole to which they were subjected. 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase According to Graybill et al. [101], isolates that were exposed to fluconazole over a prolonged period of time and which developed resistance were initially more virulent (MIC values higher) but then developed treatable infections, while less virulent isolates (MIC values lower) were refractory to treatment. According to Costa et al. [107], isolates resistant to azoles presented increased Sap activity in the presence of the drug, which did not occur with susceptible isolates. However, in all susceptible and resistant isolates, the presence of SAP1–SAP7 genes was detected thanks to methods with improved specificity.[107] Kumar et al. [108] indicate that the proteolytic activity of Sap is more intense in Candida spp.