Moreover, in the subgroup of see more patients without previous immunosuppressant treatment, there was no disability progression during the treatment period. Hence, mycophenolate mofetil might serve as an alternative therapy for RRMS [41]. Moreover, recent studies examined the safety and efficacy of combinations of ‘classic’ immunosuppressive

drugs with recombinant IFN-β and showed equivocal results [42]. Moreover, some novel oral immunomodulatory drugs have recently been tested alone or in combination with IFN-β or GA in Phase III trials in patients with CIS or RRMS (see below). A parallel approach, however, is lacking in CIDP. Mitoxantrone is an anthracenedione derivative related to the anthracyclines doxorubicin and daunorubicin. It interacts with topoisomerase-2, stabilizes its cleavable complex with DNA, and thus prevents the ligation of DNA strands and consecutively delays cell-cycle progression. Preparations and administration: mitoxantrone is approved in Europe for the disease-modifying monotherapy of patients with highly active RRMS and SPMS

Selleck ABT-888 (‘escalation therapy’) [43]. Its use, however, is limited by cardiotoxicity (the standard cumulative lifetime dose of mitoxantrone is 96 mg/m2, which can be extended up to a maximum lifetime dose of 140 mg/m2 under careful risk–benefit weighting and monitoring) and the risk of therapy-associated leukaemia (especially acute myelogenous leukaemia, AML). Given these limitations and the broadening spectrum of drugs available for patients with highly active RRMS, the use of mitoxantrone is limited in clinical practice to patients with SPMS. Mitoxantrone is administered intravenously at a dosage of 12 mg/m2 every 3 months for a total of 2 years, according to the mitoxantrone

in MS study (MIMS) [44]. To extend the total administration period, the dosage can be reduced to 5 mg/m2 upon clinical stabilization. PFKL Clinical trials: there are no recent clinical trials with mitoxantrone in MS. Moreover, due to a lack of evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials the use of mitoxantrone in CIDP is not established. Adverse effects, frequent: secondary amenorrhoea/azoospermia, nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression; infrequent: alopecia, cardiotoxicity, secondary leukaemia (especially AML) [45, 46]. Contraindications: severe active infections, chronic or relapsing infections, cardiomyopathy, treatment with other cardiotoxic drugs, severe liver or kidney dysfunction, pregnancy and lactation. Due to a lack of evidence from randomized, controlled clinical trials, the use of cyclophosphamide in MS and CIDP is not properly established [25, 47]. Teriflunomide is the biologically active metabolite of leflunomide, which is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.