Some examples are given of its current application in clinical use, thereby pointing out some pearls and pitfalls. In addition, learn more new techniques for MRS and their

potential for and impact on clinical use are discussed. Daniel Louis Polders and Johannes Marinus Hoogduin Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) measurements hold great promise as the next step in magnetization transfer imaging and possibly allow for in vivo quantification of many clinically relevant parameters, including pH, temperature, and amide concentration. Therefore, it is a valuable method to add to the MR imaging toolbox. The aim of this article was to review the methods for the acquisition of CEST data and necessary postprocessing. CEST research is very much a field still in development, and initial R428 chemical structure explorations in clinical applications are shown to illustrate the potential of CEST as a new contrast mechanism. Dow-Mu Koh, Nina Tunariu, Matthew Blackledge, and David J. Collins Whole-body diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging is

a recent development. The image contrast is based on differences in mobility of water between tissues and reflects tissue cellularity and integrity of cell membranes. The tissue water diffusivity is quantified by the apparent diffusion coefficient. By performing imaging at multiple imaging stations, whole-body DW imaging has been applied to improve tumor staging, disease characterization, as well during as for the assessment of treatment response. Information from DW imaging studies could be combined with those using PET imaging tracers to further refine and

improve the assessment of patients with cancer. Sjoerd B. Vos, Chantal M.W. Tax, and Alexander Leemans Diffusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is sensitive to microstructural changes in tissue. Diffusion tensor MR imaging, the most commonly used method, can estimate the magnitude and anisotropy of diffusion. These tensor-based diffusion parameters have been shown to change in many neuropathologic conditions. Recent advances in diffusion MR imaging techniques may provide quantitative measures that are more specific to the underlying tissue change. Diffusion MR imaging data can also be used to provide fiber tractography. In this article, an overview of the basic principles of these techniques is provided, and their current and potential uses in clinical research and clinical practice are discussed. Jill B. De Vis, Esben T. Petersen, and Jeroen Hendrikse Arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging enables evaluation of perfusion. Because of its noninvasiveness, this technique is particularly useful in vulnerable patient populations such as infants or patients with kidney disease. This article describes the commonly used ASL techniques and gives an overview of clinical applications.