On average, participants smoked 13 cigarettes/day for 22 years, and they were moderately nicotine dependent. Approximately one-half of participants selleck screening library had been diagnosed with a medical problem. Levels of perceived stress and depression were moderate (M = 18 and 24.7, respectively). Alcohol use frequency during the previous week was relatively infrequent (M = 0.78, SD = 1.07). Table 1. Sample characteristics and bivariate correlations with smoking-related symptoms (N = 117) The bivariate correlations of demographic, medical history, smoking history, alcohol use, and psychosocial variables with smoking-related symptoms are shown in Table 1.

None of the demographic variables were correlated with smoking-related symptoms; however, physical symptoms were associated with (a) having a medical diagnosis, (b) smoking more cigarettes per day, (c) nicotine dependence, (d) greater depressive symptoms, (e) greater perceived stress, and (f) more frequent drinking. Table 2 shows the prevalence of specific smoking-related symptoms in the sample and their correlations with depressive symptoms and perceived stress. Overall, 87% of the sample reported having at least one physical smoking-related symptom monthly. The most frequently reported symptom was breathlessness (66%), followed by coughing (50%), headaches (49%), watering eyes (45%), and congested nose (41%). The least reported symptoms were bleeding nose and lump in throat. Depressive symptoms were positively correlated with several individual symptoms, such as dizziness (r = .39), running nose (r = .36), racing heart (r = .

33), and feeling faint (r = .32). Perceived stress was positively correlated with symptoms such as chest pains (r = .35), racing heart (r = .30), dizziness (r = .27), and headaches (r = .20). Table 2. Prevalence of smoking-related symptoms and correlations with depressive symptoms and perceived stress (N = 117) Multivariate correlates of smoking-related symptoms Table 3 depicts the hierarchical regression model for smoking-related symptoms. The model explained 42% of the variance in physical symptoms (p < .001). The first step of the model, which accounted for 14% of the variance in physical symptoms (R2 = .14, F(5, 111) = 3.58, p = .005]), included demographics and history of medical diagnosis. Two factors explained significant variance: age (p = .02) and having a medical diagnosis (p < .

001). Level of education, household income, and gender were not associated with smoking-related symptoms. Table 3. Final hierarchical regression Anacetrapib model for predicting smoking-related symptoms We hypothesized that after controlling for demographics and medical diagnosis history, smoking history, alcohol use frequency, and psychosocial factors would be independently related to smoking-related symptoms. As shown in Table 3, smoking history and alcohol use accounted for unique variance in smoking-related symptoms (R2 �� = .19, F(3, 108) = 10.00, p < .001).