One of the origins of the variation is line width roughness (LWR). To facilitate the efforts to cope with LWR, we developed a method to accurately characterize LWR basing CP-868596 in vivo on the analysis of power spectral densities (PSDs). Because experimental PSDs are intrinsically discrete, we derive simple analytic formulas of the discrete PSDs by assuming that the autocorrelation function (ACF) exponentially decays with distance. The PSDs calculated by using the formulas agree excellently with experimentally obtained PSDs of photoresist LWR. From the result we find that the photoresist LWR of this study has a standard deviation of 2.5 nm and an exponentially-decaying autocorrelation function with a correlation length of 35 nm.

Although the experimental PSDs inevitably contain a component produced by scanning-electron-microscope

(SEM)-image noise, the two components of LWR and noise are separately determined by the method of this study. Due to this feature, the resultant variance of LWR is independent of the noise intensity. However, it is still important to reduce the noise component in order to maintain the accuracy of analysis especially in the case of LWR that has an unknown functional form of PSD. This is because even the PSDs that have different functional forms sometimes look alike in the presence of large noise. To reduce the noise effect, it is effective to average the SEM images perpendicularly see more to fine lines before edge detections. The procedure does not reduce the variance unlike averaging along the lines.

The method of this study is applicable not only to LWR but also to other cases as far as the ACF exponentially decays with distance, or equivalently the NU7441 spectral line shape is Lorentzian. Accordingly, it forms the basis for spectral analysis of most experimental results. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3226883]“
“A variety of neurological problems have affected the lives of giants in the jazz genre. Cole Porter courageously remained prolific after severe leg injuries secondary to an equestrian accident, until he succumbed to osteomyelitis, amputations, depression, and phantom limb pain. George Gershwin resisted explanations for uncinate seizures and personality change and herniated from a right temporal lobe brain tumor, which was a benign cystic glioma. Thelonious Monk had erratic moods, reflected in his pianism, and was ultimately mute and withdrawn, succumbing to cerebrovascular events. Charlie Parker dealt with mood lability and drug dependence, the latter emanating from analgesics following an accident, and ultimately lived as hard as he played his famous bebop saxophone lines and arpeggios. Charles Mingus hummed his last compositions into a tape recorder as he died with motor neuron disease. Bud Powell had severe posttraumatic headaches after being struck by a police stick defending Thelonious Monk during a Harlem Club raid.